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Conversely, strict application of the biological components of addiction excludes equally strong evidence of the influence of external environment, particularly at critical stages of development. In that regard, there is a "cross-over" effect of food being strongly associated with reward or comfort in childhood and increased tendency to seek comfort from consumption of substances as an adult (Gerrig and Zimbardo 2005).
In general, repeated neurological responses to pleasure establish a reward mechanism in which the neurotransmitter dopamine is prominently featured. Addicts, in particular, exhibit stronger dopaminergic involvement in the reward loop and tend to experience greater corresponding increases in their subsequent need for continued dopaminergic stimulation than non-addicts, even after a single exposure to certain addictive substances (Dennet 1991). At the same time, addiction is also influenced by circumstances and behaviors: for one example, those addicted to nicotine often experience their greatest cravings when triggered by superficial associations between smoking and specific activities or circumstances with which smoking often coincided;...
(1991). Licit & Illicit Drugs. New York: Little Brown & Co.
Coleman, J., Butcher, J., and Carson, R. (1994). Abnormal Psychology and Human Life. Dallas: Scott, Foresman & Co.
Dennet, D. (1991). Consciousness Explained. New York: Little Brown & Co.
Gerrig, R., Zimbardo, P. (2005).
Psychology and Life 18th Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
References
Brecher, E. (1991). Licit & Illicit Drugs. New York: Little Brown & Co.
Coleman, J., Butcher, J., and Carson, R. (1994). Abnormal Psychology and Human Life. Dallas: Scott, Foresman & Co.
Dennet, D. (1991). Consciousness Explained. New York: Little Brown & Co.
Gerrig, R., Zimbardo, P. (2005).
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