Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Public Administration
Magna Carta
Mercantilism
Thomas Jefferson's famous phrase
Public Administration
Budgeting and Accounting Act of 1921
Full Employment Act of 1946
Annual Budget
Comprehensive Budget
Detailed Line Items
Identification of all transactions
Apportionment and Allotment
Planned-programming budgeting
Management by objections
Zero-base budgeting
Target-base Budgeting
Nondiscretionary spending
Entitlements
Sunset Legislation
Permanent Authority
Earmarked revenue
What are the challenges of state and local budgeting?
Cost overruns on federally mandated programs and rapid spending growth are a couple of challenges that state and local governments have when it comes to budgeting. When looking at revenue, the collapse of the stock market and the generally slow economy has kept tax receipts well below what most states expected. The largest errors that have been made in forecasting have been for corporate and personal income taxes. On average, total state tax collections have run about 10% below what was forecasted over the past several years. Almost every state has experienced some kind of shortfall. The key point about state and local budgets is that it is the health of the economy that determines the health of both state and local budgets. Ongoing economic weakness limits both states and local administrations to grow their way out of current problems. Sustained improvement in the national and regional economies will be critical to improvement in state and local fiscal conditions (Understanding State Budget Troubles, 2003).
Question 3
Distinguish between rational approaches and incremental approaches budgeting.
The rational approach to budgeting views the budgetary process as a set of logical steps that lead to agency budget decisions based on needs, priorities, plans, goals and objectives. The incremental model of budgeting views the budgetary process as being influenced by past budgeting decisions. Agencies are given a new budget amount based upon what they have been allotted in years past, instead of based upon what they might need for the upcoming and present year (Kettner, Moroney and Martin, n.d.). One approach is always looking backwards while the other is forward thinking in nature.
References
Kettner, Peter M., Moroney, Robert M., and Martin, Lawrence L. (n.d.). Designing and Managing Programs. Retrieved July 7, 2009, from Web site:
http://www.campuskitchens.org/kellogg/images/ves/designing_and_managing_budgeting
.pdf
Understanding State Budget Troubles. (2003). Retrieved July 7, 2009,from Economic Research
and Data Web site: http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2003/el2003-23.html
Magna Carta and the Constitution This study will focus on three sources of concepts from the U.S. Constitution in the text of the Magna Carta. They include religious freedom, the right to a speedy trial and due process of law. The study will also explain the connections between these documents using relevant examples. The first concept is the right to religious freedom. Under this concept, the first part of the First Amendment
And taxes were to be levied only through the consent of the elected officials. The Magna Carta was different from the Constitution in that the Magna Carta was mainly concerned "…with largely feudal issues that benefited the aristocracy," whereas the Constitution was based on creating fair representation by the people (Arnheim, et al., 2009). TWO: The fairness of the laws is similar in that when the phrase "rule of law"
As a widow, a woman is allowed to have her "marriage portion and inheritance" immediately after her husband's death and will not have to pay a fee to the Crown and the Church. However, the widow can remain in her husband's house for only forty days and "within this period her dower shall be assigned to her." This dower is financial support which originates via the income received from
Magna Carta does not look like a constitution. In point of fact, it looks like a list of demands issued by hostage-takers, which in some sense it was: some kings are born constitutional monarchs, and some kings achieve it, but King John had constitutional monarchy thrust upon him. We must realize that the Magna Carta as a document was not itself written by the head of state -- who was,
All persons named in the document were bound by certain obligations to one another, rather than merely subservient to the king's will. Although the Magna Carta arose from a disagreement between King John, the Pope, and the English nobility, and did not confer rights upon English citizens but merely the English Church and nobility, it is still seen today as significant in the history of English democracy. It limited the
The barons had hoped to protect their own families and lands, but the document actually came to protect all the English, and was used as a model for the United States Constitution nearly six hundred years later. It is also the foundation document for the British Constitution. The document also introduced the concept of "majority rule," which would not actually be enforced until much later. The document, written during feudal