Anatomy and physiology fundamentals

Questions Concerning the Study of Anatomy 1. Pretend that you don't know anything about the various functions that bone performs. How might the visible anatomy (or physical nature) of bones help you identify their function? What is this principle called? Generally speaking, one can make assumptions about the manner in which a bone functions based on its shape, its size, its location in the body and an array of other characteristics including proximity to certain joints or muscle masses. This principle is referred to as morphology and allows the observer to make certain deductions concerning functionality. The shape, position and category of bone (often determinable by observable physical features) may be used to presume that it conducts certain functions and has certain roles for the locomotion or support of the body system.

2. Imagine that you have become dehydrated, and therefore, quite thirsty. What is the probable stimulus in this scenario, what is your likely response, and does it represent a positive or negative feedback mechanism and why? Dehydration generally occurs due to a lack of water in the body. A probable stimulus to dehydration may be an engagement in a physical activity which has caused significant sweating and, therefore, the expulsion of body moisture, without replenishment by way of drinking. The likely response by the body is to induce dizziness, nausea, headaches and the sensation of dryness. These are negative feedback mechanisms which, in response to the presence of an imbalance in the body's regulation of its systems, has instigated a number of bodily experiences which are intended to return the body to its full normal and working condition. Naturally, these are also conditions which, where possible, will incline the individual to seek out water or another source of hydration as a way to reverse the unpleasant effects of dehydration.

3. Define homeostasis and briefly describe why it is important in human physiology. Homeostasis is the goal promoted by both positive and negative feedback mechanisms. This is the principle which indicates that there is a balance in autonomic life functions which the body attempts always to maintain. This refers to such features as body temperature, heart rate, respiration and the powering of vital organs. When stimuli create a divergence from this status, the body will activate a set of responses designed to regulate a return to balance.

4. In anatomical position, how many planes can be described and what are their names? There are three major anatomical planes, which are used to refer to different ways of addressing the body and its systems. The anatomical planes include the Coronal Plane, which refers to the frontal surface of the body from head to foot. The Sagittal Plan refers to the surface which might be viewed from a profile, indicating a lateral perspective on the body. The Axial Plane considers the body by way of an imagined flat surface that might run through the torso and be observed either from the top downward or from the bottom upward.