W.E.B. Du Bois and C. Wright Mills's sociological imagination

Sociology

The sociological imagination refers to the ability to see the world as a sociologist would: that is, by viewing individuals and relationships in terms of social structures, institutions, values, and norms. Usually, the sociological imagination addresses squarely the concepts of race, class, gender, and social power. One of the premier American philosophers of the early twentieth century, W.E.B. DuBois had an active sociological imagination. DeBois recognized the relationship between race and social status; between race and socio-economic class; and also between gender and social power. As a co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), W.E.B. DuBois foresaw the means by which African-Americans could recognize institutional racism and overcome it. Moreover, DuBois understood the importance of personal and collective identity, especially as identity relates to race, class, gender, and social status. In his premier sociological treatise, The Souls of Black Folk, W.E.B. DuBois works with a sociological imagination and inspires his readers also to view the relationships between race, class, gender, and social power.

The Sociological Imagination

C. Wright Mills can be considered the pre-eminent sociologist because of his conceptualization of the sociological imagination. Encompassing the entire discipline of sociology and articulating its core paradigm, the sociological imagination means envisioning all aspects of the human experience in terms of structures, institutions, values, customs, and norms. The sociological imagination means analyzing the structures and processes of society in order to apply that understanding to individual psychology, behavior, and collective life. For example, when confronted with the reality of criminal behavior, the person with a sociological imagination inquires about issues such as class conflict or anomie. Class conflict implies that the gap between rich and poor may be a powerful motivating factor for some types of anti-social behavior. Anomie refers to the apathy that can arise in societies with loose or broken-down social systems. A sociological imagination would also permit greater awareness and understanding of history, culture, and psychology. The sociological imagination explains why some societies are religious and others are not; or why some behaviors are deemed deviant and others normative.

Connection Between DuBois and the Sociological Imagination

In The Souls of Black Folk, W.E.B. DuBois begins with a chapter entitled "Of Our Spiritual Strivings." Opening with a few lines of poetry, W.E.B. DuBois invites his reader to use a sociological imagination when discussing the issue of race. To be a non-white; to be black in particular, is to be a "problem" in America (DuBois). "How does it feel to be a problem?" is a question requiring the application of the sociological imagination (DuBois).

Given DuBois writes in the first person singular perspective, the author uses the sociological imagination to show how personal experience and identity are directly related to social structures, institutions, and norms related to race. DuBois uses the term "double consciousness" to refer to the peculiar experience of constructing a personal identity based on what others say, think, or do. The sociological imagination allows the non-white minority to understand that identity has been constructed in opposition to the dominant culture. " It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity," (DuBois). A black man does not have the ability to create his own identity from scratch in a society that has a dominant culture that is white. Rather, a black man creates a double consciousness that is based on personal awareness and community, on the one hand, and on opposition and conflict on the other. As DuBois puts it, "One ever feels his two-ness, -- an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder." The double consciousness is the meaning behind the hyphenated identity that is now commonly called "African-American."

After discussing his personal experiences with double consciousness, DuBois applies the sociological imagination to broader social contexts. In particular, DuBois is interested in the double-consciousness and its effect on the African-American community. "The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife, -- this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self." Explaining history and historical events in terms of sociological structures, values, norms, institutions, and in this case, racism, is the hallmark of applying the sociological imagination.

Conclusion

The sociological imagination in light of race, class, gender, and power can help a person achieve psychological wholeness to mitigate the experience of the dual consciousness. W.E.B. DuBois is one of the most underappreciated sociologists in the United States, and his lack of attention in grade school curricula is due not in small part to his being an African-American. Therefore, what DuBois talks about in The Souls of Black Folk is clearly manifest in institutionalized racism evident in public schools and other social institutions in America. It is impossible to overcome psychological stress and social strife without the sociological imagination. Americans need to understand that social ills from criminal behavior to angst and depression are related to sociological issues. Eliminating oppression, whether on the part of blacks, women, or gays, requires application of the sociological imagination.