Mixed Methods) Mcneil, Linda Mcspadden,

¶ … Mixed Methods)

McNeil, Linda McSpadden, Eileen Coppola, Judy Radigan & Julian Vasquez Heilig. (2008).

Avoidable losses: High-stakes accountability and the dropout crisis. Education Policy

Analysis Archives, 16(3). 1-45

According to the authors of "Avoidable losses: High-stakes accountability and the dropout crisis," from Education Policy Analysis Archives, high-stakes testing has had a negative impact upon the retention rate of high school students, rather than a positive one. Advocates of high-stakes tests have claimed that the tests sanction nation's public high schools that do not provide an adequate education for students. Texas has been at the forefront of the drive to use high-stakes standardized testing as a means of 'grading' high schools and diverting away funds from failing schools until they show demonstrable improvement. However, dropout rates of high-risk groups have increased rather than decreased since the implementation of the program, and there has been a particularly deleterious effect upon the minority students within the Texas school system. The authors were motivated to conduct their research by the fact that 135,000 students drop out of high school nationwide each year, and dropout rates are more than 60% for African-American and Latinos.

Summation of research literature

The authors begin with a literature review of what is often called the 'Texas miracle,' namely the fact that the shift to high-stakes standardized testing has resulted in improvements upon state test scores in Texas. However, several interesting facts emerge: firstly, national test measures of performance, such as success on the SAT and ACT have not shown comparable gains Texas. Also, some schools with increasing ratings on state tests were losing more than half their students prior to graduation. Students were not allowed to graduate, regardless of credits earned and grades achieve, unless they passed the test. Thus, it is implied, it was in the best interests of the school districts to 'shed' such unwanted students.

Purpose of study

The purpose of the study was to build upon existing research upon the effects of introducing high-stakes testing into a state on the students themselves.

Method for collecting data

271,000 students were studied 1995-2002 in the state of Texas, to examine the effects of the first wave of high-stakes testing upon retention rates. School district performance ratings and student performance were both compared. Qualitative analysis was also collected, including interviews with students who had dropped out of school.

Results, conclusions and recommendations

It was found from these interviews that, to meet the demands of the accountability system, students were often required to repeat ninth grade, to ensure they would be prepared for the exam, even if they had passed their courses. To meet attendance mandates, students with as and Bs often lost credit because of outside obligations. Retention was indeed increased in 9th grade, but overall graduation rates in high-risk groups had not improved.