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Relatively recent estimates of the per capita costs for vector control have been estimated to be between $0.02 and $3.56 dollars (Beatty et al., 2011), which would translate into $1.1 to $200 million for these three countries (IMF, 2012); however, vector control costs would probably be towards the low end because the climate is naturally hostile towards a. aegypti and dengue is endemic only to limited regions of Saudi Arabia and Yemen. In terms of percent gross domestic product (GDP), a $1 million dollar annual vector control program would represent 1.7x10?6 and 3.0x10?5 of the GDP in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, respectively.
Global Health Policies for Dengue Control (2011). Health economics of dengue: A systematic literature review and expert panel's assessment. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84(3), 473-488.
The WHO has identified three goals to be achieved by 2020 for global dengue prevention and control and these are: (1) 50% reduction in mortality, (2) 25% reduction in morbidity, and (3) determine the true burden of the disease (WHO, 2012). The technical elements cited as critical for achieving these goals are improved disease management, partnerships, surveillance, vector control, and communications. The partnerships that the WHO has identified as essential are broad, from national health ministries, private providers, non-governmental organizations, and community leaders. Essentially, controlling and preventing dengue in the Middle East will require the creation of a dengue health and vector control infrastructure.
In Saudi Arabia, such an infrastructure is being built (Ministry of Health, 2012). One of the primary sources of dengue in the Kingdom is the influx of Muslim pilgrims during the Hajj and a hospital has been built to handle patients with dengue and other infection diseases. By contrast, efforts to control dengue in Yemen seem primitive by contrast (Al-Maqtari, 2012).
Conclusions
Dengue is endemic to the Middle East along the southern coastal regions of the Red and Arabian Seas. Efforts to control and prevent the disease in Saudi Arabia are ongoing (Ministry of Health, 2009; 2012), but comparatively primitive in Yemen. Importantly, controlling and preventing dengue in the Arabian Peninsula should be inexpensive and effective for most of the region, but more difficult for urban areas along the route to Mecca.
References
Al-Maqtari, Muaad. (2012, May 17). Dengue fever sweeping central prison in Hodeida and refugee camp in Harad. Yemen Times. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.yementimes.com/en/1573/news/860/Dengue-Fever-sweeping-Central-Prison-in-Hodeida-and-refugee-camp-in-Harad.htm.
CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2012). Dengue and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. CDC.gov. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/30jan2012/aegyptifactsheet.pdf.
CIA (U.S. Central Intelligence Agency). (2013). World Fact Book. Middle East: Saudi Arabia. CIA.gov. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html.
Clawson, Patrick. (2009). Demography in the Middle East: Population growth slowing, women's situation unresolved. The Washington Institute. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/demography-in-the-middle-east-population-growth-slowing-womens-situation-un.
Hotez, Peter J., Savioli, Lorenzo, and Fenwick, Alan. (2012). Neglected tropical diseases of the Middle East and North Africa: Review of their prevalence, distribution, and opportunities for control. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 6(2), e1475.
IMF (International Monetary Fund). (2012, Nov.). Regional Economic Outlook. Middle East and Central Asia. Washington, D.C.: IMF Publication Services.
Ministry of Health. (2009). Joint Committee for combating dengue fever formed. Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/MediaCenter/News/Pages/NEWS-2009-4-22-001.aspx.
Ministry of Health. (2012). King Faisal Hospital in Makkah completes its preparations for the Pilgrims' health care. Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Hajj/News/Pages/News-2012-10-21-02.aspx.
Nathan, Michael B., Dayal-Drager, Renu, and Guzman, Maria. (2009). Chapter 1. Epidemiology, burden of disease and transmission. In K. Ciceri and P. Tissot (Eds.), Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control, (pp. 1-21). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
WHO (World Health Organization). (2012). Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control 2012-2020. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
References
Al-Maqtari, Muaad. (2012, May 17). Dengue fever sweeping central prison in Hodeida and refugee camp in Harad. Yemen Times. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.yementimes.com/en/1573/news/860/Dengue-Fever-sweeping-Central-Prison-in-Hodeida-and-refugee-camp-in-Harad.htm.
Beatty, Mark E., Beutels, Philippe, Meltzer, Martin I., Shepard, Donald S., Hombach, Joachim, Hutubessy, Raymond et al. (2011). Health economics of dengue: A systematic literature review and expert panel's assessment. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84(3), 473-488.
CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2012). Dengue and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. CDC.gov. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/30jan2012/aegyptifactsheet.pdf.
CIA (U.S. Central Intelligence Agency). (2013). World Fact Book. Middle East: Saudi Arabia. CIA.gov. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html.
Clawson, Patrick. (2009). Demography in the Middle East: Population growth slowing, women's situation unresolved. The Washington Institute. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/demography-in-the-middle-east-population-growth-slowing-womens-situation-un.
Ministry of Health. (2009). Joint Committee for combating dengue fever formed. Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/MediaCenter/News/Pages/NEWS-2009-4-22-001.aspx.
Ministry of Health. (2012). King Faisal Hospital in Makkah completes its preparations for the Pilgrims' health care. Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 27 Mar. 2013 from http://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Hajj/News/Pages/News-2012-10-21-02.aspx.
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