Extant Literature Has Been Dedicated

Extant literature has been dedicated on the study of semantic web and web ontology language. Sari and Ayuningtyas (2010) discusses the implementation of Web Ontology as well as Semantic application for the purpose of electronic journal citation system. Their paper reviews the application of web ontology as well as semantic web applications in the creation of an electronic journal citation system in Indonesia. Their ontology gives a description of all the components of the requisite relationship. They created the basic building blocks used in the design of the ontology. These included the class, slot as well as the instance. The purpose of semantic application which they built was to classify various information which is gathered from articles in order to build an electronic journal with the ability to relate the articles that are cited within the articles. Their system was implemented by means of popular ontology tools like Protege.The Mashup used was developed by means of PHP and MySQL. The application was ontology model's results were contained in an XML file. The result could be submitted by a Librarian through a specially designed web form on the system in order to upload as well as parse the XML file into the application's database. The various users could then locate the articles that they need via the web-based system. The application was tested by a total of ten users who were able to discover the effectiveness of the system when used by domain experts and librarians. The outcome showed that Protege is a very good ontology editor that can be used effectively to construct various domain models for use in web ontology. Their generated user interface was superb.

Summary of web

The work by Sari and Ayuningtyas (2010) gave rise to certain key conclusions on web ontology. These are:

The development of web ontology as well as a semantic application can be actualized by means of a prepared design

The use of ontology modeling can be utilized for the making of a system for electronic journal citation application

The use of ontology modeling can give a concise meaning by means of symbols, slots class names as well as instances in order to come up with an application that can effectively describe the semantics of a given contents of a document

The benefits associated with the use of a semantic approach is the short access times for the required information

Emerging technologies of web

Liu and Wang (2007) presented a paper on the emerging technologies of Web Reasoning Achitecture while using GOPT-Resolution applications.They noted that the world wide web has become one of the most important aspects of our daily lives. However, the use of Emerging Technologies of Web Reasoning Architectures Using GOPT-Resolution Applications gives a concise goal-oriented resolution by means of partial intersection coupled with truncation techniques (GOPT-Resolution). This provides an ideal network for minimizing the required search during the derivation times and hence making it perfectly ideal in the creation of web reasoning by means of GOPT-Resolution and the analysis of the current research domains in the context of Semantic Web.This is done through the utilization of a good number of case studies that explore the various relationships that exists between the GOPT-Resolution as well as the current Semantic Web techniques.These include

RDF

OWL

OOWIS

Chiu et al. (2009) discusses the process of integrating web as well as Object-Oriented Programming for the purpose of coming up with a cooperative design. They point out the fact that Object-oriented programming (OOP) mark a major paradigm for the field of development of design software tool .They also note that there is an emergence in the requirements through the introduction of semantics to the field in order to achieve a relatively heterogeneous information sharing platform. They however point out that there are a lot of challenges that are present in the process of such integration. As an illustration, they pointed out the fact that the use of object methods in order to manipulate the RDF dataset and the automatic conversion of data into the required RDF format as well as the coming up with the many supporting programming languages. There are however certain limitations related to the description of various capabilities that are integral to the definition of the relationship among the various object oriented classes which this case exceeded the ones for the RDF. This in effect hinders a direct mapping between the object-oriented classes as well as the Semantic Web classes. Their proposed framework for semantic web (Semantic Web Framework-SOF) makes use of embedded comments that exists in the source code in order to describe the various relationships that exist between the attributes and classes. The operation of their proposed system is illustrated by means of a mobile phone case study. The focus of their paper was based on the publications of RDF model documents models in order to aid in providing SOF solutions needed for the automated conversion of various tasks. This is of course as opposed to the current methods that have a manual conversion requirement of the various model objects in a format that is triple-oriented. The model proposed by Chiu et al. (2009) can be utilized to modify various class as well as attribute semantics that are normally embedded in the program's code. This is usually done in order to enhance the various descriptions of the many relationships that exist between the attributes and classes that are employed in the object-oriented languages. There is a merit associated with their technique since there is an automatic preservation of the synchronization of the various descriptions of the relationships that exists between the program codes and the classes. Their paper is based on a technique that allows or rather supports multiple programming languages.The employed SOF approach provides an efficient and yet direct publications movement for the Semantic web. This has the merit of allowing the various users to perform various queries across data sources that are heterogeneous in form. This also allows for the positive incorporation of various positive features to the Semantic web and the Object Oriented programming. The main contribution of the work by Chiu et al. (2009) is attributed to the fact that it can contribute to the embedding of various semantic descriptions in the programs' source code without the need for making changes to the program's language syntax. There is a need to mention that the technique employed allows for the putting of the various semantic descriptions in the program's class descriptions. This leads to a change in the Java syntax as well as the need for rewriting of the program's compilers. The authors points out the need for developing tools that possess or rather have the quality of interoperability. They outline the importance of SOF in the provision of better solutions for the various developers in the extension of the semantic features for the various object-oriented compilers as well as the interpreters. This is done without the need of rewriting the source codes.

Development tools

Chiu et al. (2009) further points out the fact that the various developmental tools that are in existence in the development of SOF are not sufficient. This is mainly in the domain of various automation supports that are needed in the development environment (IDE). As pointed out earlier by Astel (2002), the IDE development environment is important in the process of coming up with programs using languages that require supporting of auto-complete and dynamic checking of syntax as well as the manual synchronization of various semantic diagrams as well as program codes. The scholars also illustrate the fact that there is a possibility of coming across illegal syntax of the SOF or a conflict of SOF statements. This therefore requires the coming up with more efficient and powerful tools that can automatically analyze the existing problem and in the process report the acquired result in a manner that can be utilized by various developers.

Lu et al. (2006) discusses the various forms of e-service intelligence. These include the methodologies, required technologies as well as the applications. Their literature offers a comprehensive introduction as well as a systematic overview in the field of new field. Their research covers about 15 countries as well as regions. It also covers a variety of state of the art research work and the development of various applications and theorems. There are five parts that they covered in the ESI. These are:

E-services as well as intelligent techniques

The presentation of web information, searching and mining of data

The personalization as well as privacy and trust

E-service evaluation, their optimization as well as knowledge discovery

The development of intelligent systems

Li et al. (2008) discusses how to carry out remote sensing of various information processing services on the basis of semantic web services. They point out the fact that the recent development in the field of remote sensing using satellites has led to the obtaining of a large quantity of remote sensing data at a good rate. However, the fact that heterogeneous storage which has resulted to the inability to make use of resources from various different stations as well as the inability to operate various different domain in a manual manner or to effectively share the resources. The authors pointed out the fact that the integration of semantic Web with the existing remote sensing processes can help in solving the problem. The ability of the remote sensing of information to provide certain functions in an online environment is superb. This results in dynamic transfer of information across the web. The authors further points out the fact that semantic information processing gives rise to semantic-based service reasoning and descriptions. This leads to an automatic web. The building of an environment fuelled by the semantic web leads to the combining of various advantages of various aspects and respects while conducting a service-oriented study. This result in a deeper appreciation of semantic services in providing richer and improved services for various users. Li et al. (2008) provide a discussion of the various classifications of remote sensing and information processing services as well as an ontology-based service that makes use of semantic description. They then proceed to give the actual process of developing and then implementing the service. Their article put extreme emphasis on the various classifications of remote sensing and information processing services. The semantic description aspect is also adequately covered. Their study however showed that it is possible to integrate web services into the domain of remote sensing and information processing. They also point out the fact that the application of semantic web services in the development of various remote-sensing and information processing are still in their infancy.

Paul and Holohan (2009) studies the application of semantic web technology in the support of learning content development.They point out the fact the semantic web is based on an ontology technology.This is because it uses a knowledge representation framework at its center in order to make a valuable meaning and a more accessible processing that is automatic. The authors discusses the potential use of web ontology technology in the development of various content to be used for the purpose of making learning technology systems. They present a total of seven different applications types in order to demonstrate different forms of applications of the ontologies as well as Semantic Web.

Applications of ontologies

The researchers point out that the ontologies can be used in order to: Assist various developers, instructors and learners in:

Organizing

Personalizing

Publishing of contents in order to help them in discovering, generating and composing of various learning content.

The researchers point out the fact that the process of developing the content as well as deploying the architecture allows the developers to distinguish and locate the various applications so as to make the content in question explicitly available. The authors point out the fact that ontology technologies can facilitate the making of the inherent knowledge structure of the available content to be explicit. They point out two important knowledge types that are crucial for describing the ontologies.These are:

Instructional knowledge- which is necessary when developing a structure for the educational documents.There is need to make use of education specific languages such as EML as pointed out by Koper (2001) as well as its predecessor, IMS Learning Design LD as illustrated by IMIS (2003)

It is worth noting that Paul and Holohan (2009) considered an antology to be acting as some form of taxonomy.

Subject specific knowledge-This can be utilized in the supporting the educational process structuring. This elements presents an additional dimension in the process of accessing of the document in a form that is a query which is subject related.

Paul and Holohan (2009) talks of the introduction of a vocabulary with the intention of classification.The various domain ontologies are evaluated and utilized. An important fact comes out of their work. This is related to the limitation which is associated with the use of markup as an integral restructuring tool. They also point the fact that the existing standards such as LOM are never enough as they do not have adequate coverage of all the important factors that are necessary to maintain and effectively support operations of automation.The study by Paul and Holohan (2009) yielded a number of aspects regarding applications build on the semantic web concept.These are;

It brought out the fact that the relationship between knowledge as well as content is made or rather rendered explicit whenever ontologies are utilized in the process of creating, organizing and describing various contents (educational) The acquired knowledge which is explicit is used in the provision of an easy and yet flexible access to various content as well as the description of various learning content. The merits of which include flexibility in the access to the various content and also the creation of structures that are important to the general presentation. Web ontology can therefore be used in the creation of efficient knowledge management systems.

The use of ontologies allows for the ease of reuse and sharing.This theme become svey evident as the ontologies are the perfect enablers and creation of perfect environment for reusing various resources in various context. Ontologies can therefore result in the making of various resources available by means of using certain standardized and yet accessible representation of the necessary knowledge.

The use of ontology as well as semantic Web is integral in the creation of a vision as well as technologies that are important in the solution of various problems in our society. One of the main causes of problems in common research and developments in this field was noted to be the use of various standards as well as tools.The use of OWL is also made popular as a result of its ability and design of providing solutions by means of certain standardized tools. It is also supported by various editors.

Research areas

Kumar and Kumar (2009) presented observations on the Semantic Web Service process as well as the tools and applications. They point out the fact that semantic web is poised to be the next generation of our current web. They also point out the fact that this domain is marked with several current research works. According to them semantic web can be considered to be a content-aware and intelligent web. The various research domains in semantic web are:

Reasoning

Languages

Discovery of processes

Matching, selecting and monitoring activities

The authors point out that semantic web's composition marks one of the most demanding and important domains that can be used in the composing of multiple services aimed at fulfilling the needs of various users. They point about that this topic is one that demands a lot of research and that there is a need to effectively explore the various uses of web technology. According to Kumar and Kumar (2009),there are various tools that have been developed in order to ensure that the semantic web and ontologies principles are made practical. There are also numerous potential areas of research in the field of semantic web that can be carried out. There are usually a lot of research problems that affect the actualization of application using the web semantics and ontologies that have been identified. They cover areas such as reasoning, selection of various processes as well as composition. It has been revealed in their literature that various different approaches, technology and tools can be utilized in a beneficial manner in order to come up or rather treat the semantic web as an open and yet demanding area of research.

Several problems exist in the domain of semantic web reasoning as well as the services, the languages used and processes as well as infrastructure. There is therefore a general need to conduct further research that is aimed at materializing of the semantic web while providing several useful notions that can aid future and further research domain.

Yea and Su (2005) developed a web information extraction system to be used in the active creation of metadata in a scenario of Semantic web. They created an automatic system that used a Semantic web information extraction technique. The part that carried out the information extraction was made up of a preparation part whose role is to take portions of written text as the main input and then gives out the POS tags from a group of words that are in the sentences. Their work employed finite state machine technology in order to extract the various units that were contained in the various sequence of tags. The system worked on complex words, domain events as well as basic phrases.The software system utilized components of GATE, architecture of an NPL software which actually acted as the main processing engine used in the supporting of all the required resources of language. For the purpose of the experiment, their research involved an experiment with the Chinese financial news.

Mika (2005) presented a paper that used a system referred to as Flink. The system that used Semantic web technology in the process of extracting and analyzing information of social networks. The system had the capabilities of extracting, aggregating and visualizing of the various online social networks. The technology employed semantic technology in order to reason with the personal information that it extracted from various electronic information sources such as web pages, publications, emails and FOAF profiles. The information acquired is then used in the analysis of the social networks and also in the generation of various web-based presentations of the entire online community. The technology is indeed a novel demonstration of the use of web reasoning in the context of social sciences.

Banko et al. (2006) researched on the open information extraction techniques from the web>they pointed out the fact that in the traditional view point, the act of Information Extraction had mainly beed focused on the satisfaction of very precise and yet narrow and prespecified requests that come from an even smaller homogenous dataset. Their paper presents an clear introduction to Open IE (OIE), which is a new paradigm of data extraction. The system allows for a single pass which is data driven which also has the ability of extracting a very large data set