Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Dot Maps of Three Datasets
Cell Histogram of the frequency distribution of the quadrat counts of 2x2 grids.
Pine
RedwoodFigure 1. Dot plot representations of the normalized datasets. Leftmost of the screen shows the sample sizes of the biological cell, pine tree and redwood seedling. The mean center was computed for each dataset (see the red dots). The figure on the lower right side is a comparative representation of three datasets along with respective mean centers (se the scatter dots in the respective colors)
The visual representation of three data sets provides information about the distributions. First of all, the average intensity of cell data is very homogenous whereas redwood and pine datasets are distributed inhomogeneous. Accordingly, figure 1 provides information about the stochastic dependence between the data points in a unit area. The neighboring data points of redwood dataset are clustered. Therefore, the data points constructing the same pattern interact with each other. On the other hand, the distribution of pine dataset is random; therefore, the visual representation suggests that the data points are independent. In the case of cell dataset, the distribution of data points is regular. In other words, number of data points in a unit area is approximately equal.
2. Quadrat Counts and Histogram
Three data sets (biological cells, redwood seedlings, and pine trees) are divided into rectangular grids of size 2x2 and 4x4. Figure 2 and 3 show the numbering and location of the quadrats. Tables 1 and 2 represents the data point counts in each quatrad, 2x2 grids and 4x4 grids, respectively. Subsequently, figures 4, and 5 show the histograms of frequency distributions of the quadrat counts for respective grids.
Figure 2. 2x2 grid. Each rectangular unit represents a quadrat. The quadrats were divided into equal sizes.
Figure 3. 4x4 grid. Each rectangular unit represents a quadrat. The quadrats were divided into equal sizes.
Table 1. Number of data points in 2x2 grids.
Quadrat
Cell
Redwood
Pine
1
11
9
13
2
10
18
Table 2. Number of data points in 4x4 grids.
Quadrat
Cell
Redwood
Pine
1
2
0
2
2
2
5
4
3
2
8
5
4
3
2
4
5
3
4
6
6
4
0
1
7
1
2
5
8
4
9
8
9
3
2
6
10
2
7
2
11
4
5
5
12
2
2
4
13
2
9
5
14
3
0
0
15
3
2
4
16
2
5
4
Figure 5. Histogram of the frequency distribution of the quadrat counts of 4x4 grids.
The overall histogram analysis shows the distribution of the data points. The cell data points in figure 4 almost uniformly distributed in 2x2 grids whereas Gaussian distribution function would fit for redwood data (maximum number of data points are in the third quadrat). In the same figure, pine tree data points are randomly distributed in grids. The distribution density changes by changing the size of quadrat area (see Figure 5). For example, 8th and 13th quadrats of redwood data exhibit the highest density of data points whereas 1st, 6th and 14th quadrats do not contain any data point.
In order to test the CRS hypothesis, the appropriate quadrat counts were visually investigated (see Figure 2, 3, and 6. Eventually, the grid size is chosen as…
This in fact creates spatial poverty traps where these previously did not exist. The areas no longer support the traditional businesses in which families engaged, and such families are obliged to become migrant laborers or to be away from their areas for extended periods of time. This in itself contributes to a lack of school attendance. Young children in a continual state of migration find it extremely hard to
Measurement and Statistics Intelligence: Definition and assessment Two major interpretations of intelligence exist -- the concept of 'general intelligence,' which is often pitted against the concept of 'multiple intelligences.' For many years, it was though that only one kind of intelligence existed, known as the 'g-factor,' or general intelligence. "In recent decades, psychologists have devoted much effort to isolating that general factor, which is abbreviated g, from the other aspects of cognitive
Geography - GIS Systems Geographic information systems called GIS in short, is a constituent of all the complex geographic information technologies that exist today. The Global Positioning System or GPS and remote sensing are all parts of the emerging technologies that are today referred to as GIS systems. GIS thus encompasses both the digital and geographical techniques involved in the systems used for the processing and dissemination of geographic information. (New
Although the research tools provided by the ISO 14001 framework are both qualitative and quantitative, this approach is consistent with the guidance provided by Neuman (2003) who points out that, "Both qualitative and quantitative research use several specific research techniques (e.g., survey, interview, and historical analysis), yet there is much overlap between the type of data and the style of research. Most qualitative-style researchers examine qualitative data and vice
In terms of overall reliability, the article is also strong. The information used from previous researchers is well documented, and well referenced. The authors are clearly identifiable, the article was published in a well-known peer reviewed journal, and the author is a member of several upstanding organizations. The data collected for the study is current, as are the references relied upon throughout the article. While all three articles touched on the
COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) year-old male -- pt known to me -- recently admitted to the ward with Non-STEMI & LVF. Discharged five days ago. Was found collapsed in his house by his niece. Duration not known. Could not get up from the floor, no chest pain/SOB. No dysuria/constipation -- ? Incontinence Pt was discharged with a package of care last week. Detailed history not available as the pt is confused and not answering any