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However, for adult criminality, the influence of the genetic factors inherent within the individual's makeup takes on greater significance than the environment. Certain genes may be switched on or off by developmental processes (Wright, Tibbetts, & Daigle 2008: 172). Certain genes also seem to be more strongly influential in predicting criminal behavior in some environments than others. Thus, understanding criminality requires an understanding of genetic factors, not simply epigenetic factors (Wright, Tibbetts, & Daigle 2008: 173). It has been shown in animal experiments that with the 'correct' environmental influences, the brain structures of animals with the same genetic predispositions can become entirely different, morphologically speaking (Wright, Tibbetts, & Daigle 2008: 175).
Neither the model of the 'blank slate' at birth nor the idea of someone inevitably destined for a life of crime is really correct, the literature suggests. The strong association between negative environments and also having relatives who engaged in criminal behavior is likely due both to genetics, epigenetics, and also to the social environment as a whole. A mother from a challenged...
Just like an athletically-inclined child is likely to have athletic parents who put a ball in his or her hand shortly after birth, a child in a criminally-inclined family will be exposed to the 'family trade' quite early in life (Wright, Tibbetts, & Daigle 2008: 190).
Of course, not all children who become 'problems' have these environmental conditions present. However, it is true that true delinquency only comprises a significant minority of adolescents, and these behavior patterns do not occur randomly. For a "small percentage of adolescents, roughly 3% to l0% adolescence is a period of severe pathology and the continuation of social failure" into adulthood" (Wright, Tibbetts, & Daigle 2008: 190). Understanding this association is critical to addressing the problems of criminal behavior in adulthood.
References
Beaver, Kevin. (2009). Criminology: A Primer. Dubuque, IA: Kendall.
Wright, K.; Tibbetts, & S. Daigle, L. (2008). Criminals in the making. Los Angeles: Sage.
There is a great level of disparity and disproportionality in today's criminal justice system and as noted in this work in writing, this is likely the greatest challenge facing professionals in the contemporary criminal justice system and in the criminal justice system in the near future. It is critically important that this disparity and disproportionality be addressed due to the negative and adverse impacts that result from an overzealous
Genetic makeup also shapes the talents and interests of individuals (Beaver, Chapter 3: Gene-Environment Interplay Explained, 2009). Genes help to determine what talents and interests an individual develops. At the same time, individuals tend to befriend others with the same talents and interests as a way to relate. Just the same as a football player will befriend other football players, a delinquent will befriend other delinquents as a way to
Kennedy, aged 46, was traveling in a convoy when he was shot. He was in a limousine with an open top, passing the Book Depository of Texas School Building, in downtown Dallas at around 12:30 P.M. Kennedy's wife, Jacqueline Kennedy, the governor of Texas John Connally (1917-1993), and John's wife Nellie were riding with President Kennedy that day. John Connally also got shot and sustained serious injuries. Kennedy is said
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