Biology Systematics Is One of the Main

Biology

Systematics is one of the main fields of study in biology wherein the historical relationships of groups of biological organisms are studied. Through systematics, scientists are able to identify organisms existing in this world in accordance to their classification, group, phylum, and other hierarchical positions in the biological strata. Apart from studying the relationship of organisms with each other and in their environment, systematics also aims to determine patterns in the organism population where groups of organisms are most likely to thrive and survive. Systematics as scientific methodology in biology is essential to the establishment and maintenance of biodiversity. This is because through systematics, biodiversity existing in the Earth are identified and documented, converting these information into understandable / comprehensible and thereby useful information to other people. It is also a method and study where the life history of the Earth is documented. Systematics also makes it easier for scientists to identify or categorize new species of organism because of the strata that are identified and emerged from the study. Because of these important functions of systematics as a biological study, it contributes to biodiversity conservation because of the information obtained that will help people know what organisms will live and survive in a particular environment or habitat.

SPORANGIUM- hollow unicellular or multicellular structure in which spores are produced and from which they are released.

ARCHEGONIUM- flask-shaped female reproductive organs in mosses, ferns, and most gymnosperms. It corresponds to the pistil of flowering plants and contains eggs that become sporophyte.

ANTHERIDIUM- the male sex organ of spore-producing plants. It corresponds to the anther in flowering plants that produces male gametes.

SPOROPHYTE- a diploid plant that develops from a zygote and produces asexual spores.

GAMETOPHYTE- a haploid plant or plant body that produces gametes.

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. There are twenty (20) existing essential amino acids that are used to synthesize or make up proteins. These essential amino acids are the following:

Alanine (Ala) (A)

Arginine (Arg) (R)

Asparagine (Asn) (N)

Aspartic Acid (Asp) (D)

Cysteine (Cys)

Glutamic acid (Glu) (E)

Glutamine (Gln) (Q)

Glycine (Gly) (G)

Histidine (His) (H)

Isoleucine (Ile) (I)

Leucine (Leu) (L)

Lysine (Lys) (K)

Methionine (Met) (M)

Phenylalanine (Phe) (F)

Proline (Pro) (P)

Serine (Ser) (S)

Threonine (Thr) (T)

Tryptophan (Trp) (W)

Tyrosine (Tyr) (Y)

Valine (Val) (V)

Among these 20 amino acids, nine (9) of them are essential to a human's food diet. These amino acids are the following: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phnylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. These essential amino acids are needed in the food diet for organisms to survive. These amino acids re mostly derived from food, such as plant seeds and some amino acids that are weak in plant seeds (such as lysine and tryptophan) are found in animal protein in foods such as meat, eggs, and milk.

Archaeologists are able to reconstruct the food diets of prehistoric peoples primarily through the process of carbon-14 dating. Carbon-14 or radiocarbon dating is a process where a dead organism's date of existence is determined by determining the ratio of 14C (carbon-14) to the isotope 12C (carbon-12). The date of existence will be determined through the unstable radioactive carbon (14C), which starts to decay at a known rate once an organism dies. Radiocarbon dating is essential in determining the food diets of prehistoric peoples because it helps determine the 'age' of discarded bones and shells that are excavated from sites known to be habitats or environments of prehistoric peoples. Bones and shells help archaeologist determine what kind and amount of meat and fat are put into the peoples' diets. In order to determine the amount of meat and fat eaten by prehistoric peoples, the biomass of animals (through animal bones excavated) are determined, which will enable archaeologists to identify the amount of mass that people had eaten in proportion to the bones (body parts found in excavations). Plant diet, on the other hand, are presumed to be edible for early humans to eat, and are determined / identified through soil analysis of sites/areas where early civilization thrived.

The main components of cereal grains are hull, pericarp, testa, aleuron, endosperm, and the germ. Chemical composition of cereal grains are mainly made up of starch, dietary fiber, and protein. The outer layer of the endosperm, the aleuron, is rich in proteins, minerals, and vitamins.

Legumes that are being developed as economically important world crops are cowpea, kidney bean and other varieties of beans, broadbean, chickpea, lentil, and pea. Cowpea is an important legume variety cultivated today because it is already endangered and may no longer be existent because of its replacement with American beans. Kidney beans, broadbeans, chickpea, and other varieties are popular because they are easy to cultivate under normal habitat/environmental conditions. Lentil is an ideal legume variety for cultivation because of its strong resistance to environmental and external elements that may affect the plant's growth.