Technology concepts and applications

Technology

Briefly describe the four generations of computer programming languages, concentrating on the majority differences among the generations. How does object-oriented programming fit into these generations? How does HTML fit into these generations? How does XML fit into these generations?

The four generations of computer languages begin with Machine language (1GL), followed by Assembly language (2GL), Procedural Languages (3GL) and Nonprocedural languages (4GL). Machine language (1GL) is differentiated from Assembly languages (2GL) in that the former requires each instruction to be expressed in a specific for a particular computer (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, Perkins, 2009). In addition 1GL languages are often written to the microprocessor level, there is no mnemonic codes for aggregating commands as is the case with Assembly languages (2GL) (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, Perkins, 2009). Procedural languages (3GL) are the first generation to attain machine independence and must be compiled or interpreted into machine language to function. 3GL languages include BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/1 and Pascal in addition to many others (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, Perkins, 2009). Nonprocedural languages (4GL) are also known of as productivity languages in that they use English-like statements and have their own compilers. Object-oriented programming was invented during the period of time when 3GL languages were gaining in use by development teams. Enhancements and the development of more machine-independent code also have brought object-oriented programming into the 4GL programming language era. HTML and XML both are 4GL languages as they have their own build-in interpreter and also have English-like syntax. . .

2. What is a vertically integrated information system? Give an example.

A vertically integrated information system by definition is one that serves more than one vertical level in an organization or industry (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, Perkins, 2009). As TCP/IP has made the integration of systems more reliable, stable and secure over the Internet, enterprise-wide vertically integrated information systems have become commonplace. Supply chains for manufacturers, which often require vertically integrated information systems from one supplier to the next, and within an organization, from one distribution center or warehouse to the next, is an example of a vertically integrated information system. Supply chains require an intensive amount of data to plan production, deliver products on time, and validate product quality while managing sourcing for new product introductions (Bhimani, Ncube, 2006). As a result, supply chains are among the most complex and fast-moving vertically integrated information systems there are. This vertical integration of information also extends into distribution channels, which leads to the development of partner relationship management systems as part of a broader supply chain system (Vlachopoulou, Manthou, Folinas, 2005). When supply chains reach this level of vertical integration typically the reseller forecasts for products get sent electronically three to four levels deep into the supply chain to make sure customer demand can be met. Vertically integrated information systems then are key to many company's competitive advantage in being able to respond quickly to the needs of their distribution channel partners and customers. Supply chains are the most complex type of vertically integrated information system in manufacturing firms.

3. What is a client/server system? What is a client? What is a server? Why would an organization choose to implement a client/server system?