Telemedicine and its impact on patient care

Telemedicine: How does it impact patient care?
Introduction
The modern health care system is better and considerably more complex than what the situation previously was a decade and several decades ago. According to various researchers, the modern health care system is a managed one, and it widely uses technology in contrast to previous health care systems (Conklin, 2002). The many uses of technology in the modern health care system include the use of technology for diagnosis, for minimally invasive treatments, and better monitoring of vital signs and other signs. Moreover, technology is now also being used to consult with medical experts from all over the world remotely. This has led to improved healthcare and has enhanced patent experience.
Furthermore, many mobile applications have been invented to help both patients and doctors specifically. Moreover, they are not only helping patients recover but also improving their quality of life (Tiago et al., 2016). This paper investigates how a special technology, Telemedicine, affects patient care. The investigation will primarily be through reviewing a journal article titled Telemedicine Follow-up After Bariatric Surgery.
Background
For over thirty years, health services researchers, clinicians, and other medical experts have been studying how computers and other advanced telecommunication technologies have been used to enhance health care. One of the most important technologies in health care since early in the 20th century has been Telemedicine. Telemedicine is a combination of technologies that enables the delivery of health care in unique situations. More accurately, Telemedicine is defined as the utilization of communication technologies and electronic information to deliver or support health care in situations where there is a separation between the participants (Conklin, 2002; Tiago et al., 2016). In other words, Telemedicine connects health care providers with patients in cases where there is a distance between them. In addition to being a way in which health care is delivered, Telemedicine is also a way in which medical experts can share knowledge and experience without having to meet each other. While Telemedicine may sound like a very modern concept or phenomenon, it is not. As mentioned, it has been around since the early 20th century. However, it is over the last couple of years that it has been growing exponentially and getting more integrated into the delivery of health care.
In the year 1906, the person who invented the electrocardiogram wrote an article on a telecardiogram. More practically, since the late 1920s, many medical experts and specialists have been utilizing the radio to give medical advice. The state of Alaska was perhaps the very first state to actively use Telemedicine in its health care. This is because the state is massive and has people in many villages far away from cities and towns where they can get help directly from experts. Most villages are served by community health workers. The workers go directly to people in far off communities and talk to them and then perform audiometry and otoscopy. After doing this, they send the information to medical specialists in Fairbanks or Anchorage. The medical specialists then use the information given to them to make a decision on whether there is a need for a person with negative test results to go to them or to see another specialist In-person. As mentioned, the above was one of how Telemedicine was done initially. Nowadays, Telemedicine is much more advanced. There are high-technology televisions through which medical experts and specialists are engaging with other experts and specialists.
Moreover, there are peripheral devices that help with communication of sound and with the examination of patients. All these things have made Telemedicine much more integral to modern health care (Board on Health Care Services, 2012). However, many communication technologies are being used across the world for Telemedicine. While this is not in itself bad or wrong, experts are saying that the devices or technologies that are used in such situations need to be standardized to improve Telemedicine and make it more acceptable.
Store and forward technologies have greatly improved over the past couple of years. Their use has also increased in health care delivery. For instance, in optometry and ophthalmology, more health care experts are utilizing technologies such as non-mydriatic cameras to perform retinal screenings without needing people with diabetes to dilate their eyes. This has increased the screening rate. Teledentistry has also been around for ages and has been utilized by dental hygienists and dentists to deliver better oral healthcare. Perhaps the biggest areas in health care for Telemedicine are psychology and dermatology. From the early 90s, multiple reports have revealed that diagnoses made through teledermatology have a high percentage of agreement with those made by specialists In-person. Other reports and studies have shown that patients treated via teledermatology are very satisfied with their treatment. Nevertheless, many skin specialists are not very excited about the increasing prominence of technology in their area of practice since they feel as if they might be rendered useless (Board on Health Care Services, 2012).
Moreover, reports and studies also show that mental health diagnoses made using telehealth technologies are very much in agreement with those made by experts in-person. They also show that those treated using telehealth technologies are very satisfied with their treatment. It is expected that telemedicine equipment will become better with time and that this will make Telemedicine even more prominent in the delivery of healthcare.
In-person care has several opportunities as well as challenges as Telemedicine becomes more prominent. There is a need to discuss both and see how both in-person care and Telemedicine care can be used concurrently to deliver quality care to people everywhere. There is also a need to look at how telehealth models and approaches can be streamlined to make them easier to adapt across the country and across the planet. Also, there is a need to determine evidence-based standards for care and to make sure that people tasked with delivering Telemedicine, especially to remote and rural communities, are empowered to do just that.
Relevant laws and regulations
Healthcare is heavily regulated in most countries around the world. Health care equipment is also heavily regulated in most countries around the world. For one to be approved for use, there is a need for several rules and regulations to be adhered to. The regulations include those ensuring patient privacy and those governing how patient data and other data can be shared.
One of the laws that must be adhered to in the United States by manufacturers of health care equipment is the 1996 HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act). The law regulates patient data privacy. One of its sections that are very relevant to Telemedicine is the Privacy Rule. This rule protects patient personal health information by requiring vendors, providers, health plans, and anyone else who handles patient data to tell the patient where they want to send it and to ask directly for consent to send it there.
The Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA) and the Quality Payment Program (QPP) include two sections that are relevant to telehealth. There is one on Advanced Alternative Payment Models that includes coalitions, e.g., Accountable Care Organizations, and indirectly pays for better and efficient care. According to experts, it is in this section that payment for telehealth services will fall. The other one is the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS). This tracks the quality of care, cost, advancing care data, and improvement activities. Experts expect this section to affect telehealth.
There are also many laws at the state level that govern Telemedicine. For instance, Connecticut has telemedicine legislation. This legislation allows the prescription of drugs and substances that are controlled to help treat substance abuse and mental health conditions. In short, many laws are relevant to Telemedicine both at the federal and at the state level.
Review of Telemedicine Follow-up After Bariatric Surgery
In Telemedicine Follow-up After Bariatric Surgery, Meyer et al. (2018) investigated the utilization of Telemedicine for standard post-operative follow-up for patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. Meyer and his team gathered satisfaction surveys to compare whether patients are more satisfied with telemedicine video visits or in-person visits. The research was basically a retrospective review that involved looking at medical data from a single surgery center.
The researchers collected the data from the special Kaiser Permanente Health Connect Electronic Medical Record System. When collecting the data, the researchers specifically looked at hospital readmission and emergency room visits percentages within 30 days following bariatric surgery. They gathered the data for twenty-one months before and after implementation of the telemedicine video visits mobile application. Because this research method relied on primary data, it is regarded to be scientifically accurate. The findings of this research by Meyer et al. (2018) show that telemedicine visits had significantly higher satisfaction scores than in-person visits.
The conclusion was, therefore, that telemedicine video visits are efficient and safe for conducting post-surgery follow-up as people are satisfied with them and they do not increase hospital readmissions or emergency room visits. This study is very important in light of the finding by Sada et al. (2019) that complications are detected not specifically with clinical clinics but with the realization that there is a need for medical care. Thus, Telemedicine is safe to use for following up on patients who have undergone bariatric surgery.
Strategic and operational impacts on health services organizations
The biggest impact of Meyer et al. (2018) study is related to the safety of the medicine. After a bariatric operation, the main concern among medical professionals is the possibility of complications developing. The complications that occur after bariatric surgery are usually either long or short term. Short term complications can include leaks in the GIT, blood clots, reaction to anesthesia, infection, and excessive bleeding. While long term complications can include ulcers, hernias, gallstones, and bowel obstruction (Chen, 2020; Sada et al., 2019). Sometimes complications are just so bad that there is a need for a second surgery.
Because complications are dangerous after bariatric surgery, many experts would naturally assume that choosing telemedicine video visits over in-person or office-based would result in some complications being missed. However, Meyer et al. (2018) study revealed that telemedicine video follow-ups are also good enough to identify bariatric surgery complications and deal with them, especially the short term ones. Meyer's findings are in agreement with the findings of Sada et al. (2019) that the majority of complications are identified not because of clinic visits but because patients voluntarily seek medical care. Thus, it is safe to say that Telemedicine is okay and safe for short-term follow up for those who have undergone bariatric surgery.
Since telemedicine video visits can reduce the surgical complication percentage, it can help hospitals. This is because the surgical complication percentage is one of the biggest hospital performance indicators. The higher it is, the fewer the number of patients who will visit a hospital, and the lower its revenues will be. So by implementing telemedicine video visits, a hospital can reduce its surgical complication rate, attract more patients, and increase its revenues (Krupka et al., 2012).
The second biggest impact of Meyer et al. (2018) study is that it shows Telemedicine is efficient. In the study, Telemedicine makes it easier to follow up on patients after surgery, and it does not cost much to implement. This implies that Telemedicine can help medical providers, patients, insurers, employers, and other stakeholders to cut health care expenses. This is because the technology allows patients to receive help exactly where they are located. No need for them to spend much money on transport and to waste time waiting for their turn to see the physician.
The technology also eliminates (or has the potential to eliminate) face to face consultations for minor conditions since such can be diagnosed and treated through it. This can significantly reduce the number of patients visiting health facilities, as only those with chronic or severe conditions will need to visit. This can cut hospital costs significantly (Burch, Gray & Sharp, 2017; Fasano, 2013). Telemedicine can also help employers to save money and time. This is because it allows employees to be checked from wherever they are hence reducing absences in case conditions are judged to be mild or non-existent by professionals.
The third impact of Telemedicine, as per Meyer et al. (2018) study, is that it brings convenience. Telemedicine will never replace In-person and hands-on care. This is because it is not an alternative to it. It is a substitute for the conventional patient encounter. So in cases where the traditional or conventional patient encounter is not extremely necessary, Telemedicine can be used to save on time and costs. It conveniently allows patients to consult their doctors wherever they are and to get the help they need. For instance, with regards to post-operative care, Telemedicine allows primary care providers to see patients, to ask them questions, and to evaluate their progress and then to make recommendations if necessary. Moreover, all this can be done conveniently without significantly affecting the schedule of the patients or the primary care providers, as is normally the case for traditional patient encounters.
Long-term post-surgery care is important for positive outcomes. Post-surgery patients can have their follow-ups via Telemedicine and experience successful outcomes from their surgeries. This is because Telemedicine allows life coaching, ordering of therapies or testing, medication management, nutritional counseling, and wound assessment. Coaching is important for successful post-operative outcomes and so is counseling. In case a nurse notices something off during a telemedicine video visit, they can order therapies or testing. Through Telemedicine, nurses can also advise on medication management and provide nutritional counseling. Lastly, they can assess the surgical wound or wounds and tell if the progress is satisfactory. So Telemedicine is basically like the traditional encounter, but without the provider having the ability to touch the patient and do physical checkups. Every other thing is somewhat the same.
Telemedicine was first conceived to provide quality care to persons in rural or remote areas. It is kind of a solution to the lack of adequate medical personnel in remote or rural towns or areas. As of now, it has been noted for its efficiency and convenience and has been used to assist patients from all walks of life to get the help they need without too much hassle (Burch et al., 2017; Chen, 2020). It kind of perfectly fits the modern-day busy lifestyle most people in the Western World are leading since it saves on time and allows patients to quickly resume whatever they were doing before a telemedicine video visit. As shown by Meyer et al. (2018), Telemedicine is even more useful in helping post-operative patients. This is because they can be followed up on wherever they are conveniently and at a lower cost through the use of the technology. Many HIPAA-compliant telemedicine software solutions are being developed and distributed to the market. Hopefully, more of them will be developed, and they will be even easier to use to help patients get the help, convenience, and privacy they need (Burch et al., 2017).
Impact on patient care
The most important effect of Telemedicine is that it has significantly improved patient care. This is because it is very patient-centered. It is very patient-centered in the sense that it gives patients convenience, the quality care they need, quick assessment of their issues, timely diagnosis of critical situations or conditions, fewer expenses, and vastly better outcomes. It is what patients have been needing for a long time. According to Burch et al. (2017), patients monitored via Telemedicine are significantly less likely to be readmitted over 30 days and over 90 days. So Telemedicine as considerably improved patient care.
As mentioned earlier, Telemedicine was first developed to help rural patients or patients in remote towns (Lahr et al., 2019). Most rural towns or areas even in the United States, do not have enough medical specialists. However, through Telemedicine, even patients in remote or rural towns can access basic and specialized medical care.
Lastly, Telemedicine makes patients more engaged in their healing and treatment process. This is because the available telemedicine software solutions have reminders, information, and so on to help patients achieve successful outcomes after surgery or any other intervention. Telemedicine also increases engagement in the sense that the available computer applications also help patients to follow their care schedules and appointments carefully (Chen, 2020). Furthermore, patients who use Telemedicine are more likely to follow through on what they are advised because the information they get is usually concise and to the point.
Conclusion
Research reveals that Telemedicine can be very effective. Telemedicine technology is not a substitute for in-person care. It is a substitute for the traditional face to face patient encounter. It is a better substitute or alternative because it eliminates distractions, it is convenient, it is cheaper, and it makes it easier to access specialists. In short, it makes it more pleasant for patients to interact with their care providers. Telemedicine also enables people in rural or remote areas to access specialized care. Through Telemedicine, post-operative care patients can also receive the help they need conveniently and achieve better outcomes. Telemedicine can help RNs and doctors to follow up on their patients more closely. It can also help providers to provide their patients with holistic care as it makes it easier to access them and to follow up on them. Lastly, in light of the recent coronavirus outbreak, Telemedicine has become even more important as it reduces the risk of being infected in the disease in the hospital or on the way to a clinical appointment.
References
Meyers, A. J., Pontarelli, E., Dutta, S. K., Grinberg, G., & Yenumula, P. R. (2018). Telemedicine Follow-up After Bariatric Surgery. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 14(11), S168.
Tiago, M. T. B., Tiago, F., Amaral, F. E. B., & Silva, S. (2016). Healthy 3.0: Healthcare digital dimensions. In Reshaping medical practice and care with health information systems (pp. 287-322). IGI Global.
Conklin, T. P. (2002). Health care in the United States: An evolving system. Michigan Family Review, 7(1).
Board on Health Care Services; Institute of Medicine. (2012). \\\"3The Evolution of Telehealth: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?\\\" in The Role of Telehealth in an Evolving Health Care Environment: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press, Washington (DC).
Sada, A., Asaad, M., Reidt, W. S., Kellogg, T. A., Kendrick, M. L., McKenzie, T. J., & Habermann, E. B. (2019). Are In-Person Post-operative Clinic Visits Necessary to Detect Complications Among Bariatric Surgery Patients?. Obesity Surgery, 1-4.
Krupka, D. C., Sandberg, W. S., & Weeks, W. B. (2012). The impact on hospitals of reducing surgical complications suggests many will need shared savings programs with payers. Health Affairs, 31(11), 2571-2578.
Fasano, P. (2013). Transforming health care: The financial impact of technology, electronic tools, and data mining. John Wiley & Sons.
Burch, S., Gray, D., & Sharp, J. (2017). The power and potential of telehealth what health systems should know: proposed legislation in Congress offers the promise that the nation's healthcare policy will support the expansion of telehealth, allowing hospitals and health systems to fully realize the benefits of this important emerging approach to care. Healthcare Financial Management, 71(2), 46-50.
Lahr, M., Neprash, H., Henning-Smith, C., Tuttle, M. S., & Hernandez, A. M. (2019). Access to Specialty Care for Medicare Beneficiaries in Rural Communities. (Policy Brief, University of Minnesota)
Chen, E. T. (2020). Improving Patient Care With Telemedicine Technology. In Impacts of Information Technology on Patient Care and Empowerment (pp. 1-18). IGI Global.