The art of plotting in narrative composition

Save the Cat

Author introduces himself and his history in the world of screenwriting

Reason for writing the book -- to help readers not make the same mistakes he made and to avoid common screenwriting pitfalls

Meaning of 'Save the Cat:' Using scenes that define who the hero is that are dramatic (like saving a cat)

Selling the story

Importance of a good 'logline' (attention-getter for the person to whom your pitching the film). A film cannot be 'sold' without a good logline, no matter how strong the picture

Importance of 'high concept' (movies that are easy to visualize), even today

Make sure your story falls into one of the 10 basic genres to enable it to be marketed to a target audience

Creating characters

A. Need a hero

Use Jungian archetypes that the audience can easily identify with when constructing characters

C. Never cast the movie before you write the script: you never know what actors will be available

Pacing the film

A. Create 'beats:' Map out the film, give yourself somewhere to go

1. 15 beats

B. Remember you will eventually need to put the film up on 'the board' (a storyboard) and map it out visually

1. 40 index cards only

C. A good script should be about as long as a good jockey weighs -- 110 pages

V. 'Laws' of screenplay writing

A. 'Laying pipe': remember rules like 'Save the Cat' and 'The Pope in the Pool.' Use dramatic scenes that are significant in the way they define characters and lay the ground for the drama to unfold. Exposition scenes are important.

B. Be able to figure out why your script isn't working, despite obeying these laws (such as too many minor characters) so you can repair it

VI. Marketing your screenplay

A. Even the best screenplay must be 'pitched' to make it into theaters

Outline: Aristotle's Poetics

I. Introduction: What is poetry (drama)

A. Drama is imitation: Instead of explicating like an essay, drama shows what is occurring 'in the moment'

B. Imitation of either 'high,' 'low' or 'everyday' can be accomplished through words, dance, or music

II. Defining narrative structure

A. Drama has a beginning, middle, and end

B. Plot, character, thinking, diction, song, and spectacle make up tragedy in descending order of importance

C. Tragedy requires dramatic unity: the time span of the depicted characters on the stage should not exceed the time it would actually take to perform such actions in 'real life'

1. Note: Unity of plot does not mean unity of the character of the hero, who may be multi-faceted.

2. Episodic plots should be avoided.

III. Types of plot

A. Simple vs. complex

1. Complex plots contain both a reversal of the situation and recognition by the main character of the nature of the situation

IV. Elements of tragedy

A. What it evokes in the spectator: Pity and fear

1. Tragic flaws: interior reversals are superior than ones caused by exterior means

B. Tragic characters must be 'good' (even if women or slaves)

C. Means of unraveling the plot: Signs, the will of the poet, memory and reasoning

V. Diction and rhetoric in tragedy

A. Diction can be either simple or elevated in drama

B. Epic poetry differs both in the language used to express it and the fact that it does not confine itself to the principles of unity. However, it does, like regular tragedy, contain reversals of the situation, scenes of recognition, and scenes of suffering but on a different scale

C. A good tragic story cannot have irrational or impossible elements. It must be believable on some level

Story Outline: Memento

I. Introduction

A. Audience is introduced to Leonard: Main character

1. Located lying in a motel room

2. Surrounded by Polaroid photographs and other personal belongings, seems to have no idea where he is

B. Rationale

1. In search of the man who killed his wife and took away his memory

2. Wife was raped and murdered

3. Leonard killed the first attacker; second got away

4. Police did not believe him but Leonard is committed to finding attacker

C. Problem (Leonard's condition)

1. Leonard is suffering from retrograde amnesia, as the result of his attack

2. He cannot form new memories: Hence all the notes to himself

D. To explain his condition, Leonard tells the story of Sammy, another man who killed his wife because he did not give the woman the insulin injections she required to stay alive because he could not remember when to give her the injections

II. Leonard gets tattoos to remind himself of his mission to kill John G, the killer

III. Meets with Teddy

A. Leonard has written down on a Polaroid to himself not to trust Teddy

IV. Meets with Natalie, a bartender who is angry that Leonard is wearing her boyfriend Jimmy's clothes and driving his car