How authoritative parenting with clear boundaries supports child development

¶ … Boundaries for Children

Rules and norms are an expected way of social living. They are predictable and part of our lives, and, therefore, we rarely stop to question their roots. We accept them as part of our routine, as demonstrative of our progressiveness as a nation, and are comfortable in their security. When children don't have boundaries, their lives take a much different turn than parents ever plan. Even if parents don't start out setting boundaries for children, it is never too late to start. The older the child the harder it gets, but the importance of setting boundaries never declines. Setting boundaries for children is important for all who come into contact with them from educators to child care givers to parents, of course, themselves.

Whilst some parents inculcate parenting styles from their own parents, either deliberately, in which intent they may seek to transmit inculcated patterns, or, at other times, the reverse seeking not to initiate their parents destructive pattern and instead to introduce a more positive template (Santrock, 2007), in the contemporary world this is often insufficient. As Rousseau said, "Under existing conditions a man left to himself from birth would be the most disfigured of all" (1762), and this one could argue, is particularly pertinent in modern times.

The following essay traces the development of classical parenting styles into the formulation that a combination of warmth and authority is in order and most effective for child development. As a contemporary child expert insists, 'model children' were the products of homes where parents were not only nurturing but also:

Established clear, rational guidelines whilst allowing the child autonomy within those boundaries and clearly communicated both their expectorants and the reasons behind them (Darling & Steinberg, 1993, p.489)

The essay then goes on to elaborate on this so-called authoritative style showing the benefits of boundaries on children in both a family environment and from a teacher's standpoint. Several studies are presented to demonstrate that children thrive best under the auspices of boundaries; and not only but that they recognize this fact and desire it.

Classical Parenting Styles

Classical parenting styles revolved around the psychodynamic model; the learning model; and a model called 'dimensions of style. The psychodynamic model essentially argued that the emotional relationship existent between parent and child influenced the child's psychosexual, psychosocial, and personality development. The learning model, on the other hand, focused on parent's actions rather than their attitudes saying that children modeled that which they saw.

The Dimensions of style model were interested in different parenting styles and attempted to describe these and investigate what worked. Theories included Symonds (1953) early acceptance / rejection and dominance / submission category proceeding to Becker's (1964) warmth/hostility and restrictiveness / permissiveness category. Each of these reflected, in turn, psychodynamic and social learning theory where parent's socialization of their children either depends on innate characteristics of parents (psychodynamics), or from transgenerational influence that impacted parents to treat their children the way they did (social learning) in a modeling sort of pattern (Darling & Steinberg, 1993). Maccoby and Martin's (1983) Two-Dimensional Framework summarized parenting style into two dimensions: responsiveness and demandingness.

Most of these theorists arrived at similar conclusions, namely that a combination of warmth and authority was in order and most effective for child development. Most believed that 'model children' were the products of homes where parents were not only nurturing but also:

Established clear, rational guidelines whilst allowing the child autonomy within those boundaries and clearly communicated both their expectorants and the reasons behind them (Darling & Steinberg, 1993, p.489)

In this way, the social styles model not only merged psychodynamics and the learning model but also exceeded it in their emphasis on a certain equilibrated format of boundary setting characterized by clarity, consistency, and warmth. It remained for Baumrind (1996) to conceptualize this prescription, which would, in turn, shape and direct further research on a parenting style most conducive for child development.

The Authoritative Model and Importance of Boundaries

Baumrind (1996), arguably the foremost theorist on parenting styles, categorized parents according to a typology of four parenting styles: indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative, and uninvolved. Each style embodies "patterns of parental values, practices and behaviors." Indulgent parents are the very reverse of authoritative. They follow no set format or rules in disciplining their child. In fact, 'discipline is not part of their vocabulary. They are lenient, non-traditional, and believe that the child should be respected as an individual and should be allowed to develop according to the expression of his or her particular personality. Indulgent parents fall into two types: democratic parents, who, although lenient are thoroughly dedicated to the child, and nondirective parents.

Authoritarian parents demand that the children follow their rules without explanation or understanding. "They are obedient-and-status oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation" (Baumrind, 1996). Authoritarian parents represent two kinds: non-authoritarian-directive parents who are directive, but not overly intrusive in their control of the child, and authoritarian-directive who are extremely intrusive. Authoritative parents, the third category, set clear boundaries for their child whilst also seeking growth for the child through these boundaries. Their onus is on the objective that their child develop self-esteem and social responsibility via the boundaries laid out for him. Finally, the uninvolved parent demands little of the child. In its extreme, this stance characterizes rejection and neglect. Many researchers still base their models of parenting on her formulations and studies in order to structure their own studies on how parents control and socialize the developing child.

It has been consistently found that the best model is the third category where parents merge clear boundaries with involvement and positive reinforcement, and that this educational style helps children succeed regardless of their age level. Steinberg et al. (1992), for instance, found that authoritative parenting that consisted of supervision merged with high acceptance, and a certain degree of autonomy granted their adolescent children lead to better adolescent school performance and interest in school than did the other styles of parenting, particularly those where lack of structure and uninvovlement in the child's life was conspicuous. "Parental involvement," they concluded, " is much more likely to promote adolescent school success when it occurs in the context of an authoritative home environment" (Steinberg et al., 1992, 1266).

Baumrind's prototypic authoritative parent, as described in the third category, contains the following characteristics:

She encourages verbal give and take, and shares with the child the reasoning behind her policy. She values both expressive and instrumental attributes, both autonomous self-will and disciplined conformity. Therefore, she exerts firm control at points of parent-child divergence, but does not hem the child in with restrictions. She recognizes her own special rights as adult, but also the child's specialized interests and special ways. The authoritative parent affirms the child's present qualities, but also sets standards for future conduct. She uses reasons as well as power to achieve her objectives. She does not base her decisions on group consensus or the individual child's desires; but also does not regard herself as infallible or divinely inspired (quoted by Darling & Steinberg, 1993, p.490).

In this way, Baumrind showed that whilst setting boundaries was important for providing the child with directed, this had to be done in a balanced manner with regard too of the child's uniqueness and, most importantly, with the intention of the discipline structure emanating for the good of the child rather than for the benefit of the parent.

It was with this model in mind that, in 2004, an Effective Parenting Expo convened and discussed ways in which the community could help parents achieve more effective styles. Empirical follow up showed that certain communal activities including practical parental courses and free activities as well as support groups could greatly enhance their style as well as have a positive impact on children. Emphasis on incorporating boundaries within the context of praise was emphasized as consisting of the crux of helping parents achieve a more effective parenting style (Miller, Haffernen, & Hall, 2005).

In fact, child expert Patricia Walters-Fischer (web), noted that:

Children thrive on routine and boundaries. Unlike adults, kids aren't flexible and they think very concretely so when things are changed around or completely, kids can freak out. Although, there are events that can't be changed (i.e. weather changes so you can't go out to playdates), it's important to stay consistent and follow through.

And the famous Dr. Oz says:

Your kids want boundaries. They crave routines. They thrive within limits. And yes, they'll kick and scream, whine and moan, but that's part of the process that will enable them to develop a strong sense of self in an uncertain and frequently changing world. (Hokemeyer, P., web)

They appreciate boundaries because of the clarity that it accords their lives. "Kids know what to expect and will begin to rely on them" (ibid). But for boundaries to work, they need to be clear, consistent, and carry consequences.

Are boundaries worth the effort? Answers 'Dr. Oz':

In my personal and professional opinion I can answer this question with an unqualified yes… And my personal experience is supported in my professional realm in working with children (of all ages) as well as by the scientific literature. A well know study published in the Journal of Family Psychology found that families with healthy boundaries and routines experience greater emotional health, contain children with stronger sense of selves, and enable parents to enjoy happier marriages (Hokemeyer, P., web).

Boundaries and Reinforcement

On the other hand, research discovered that rules together with positive reinforcement can have the greatest effect on behavior changing as opposed to rules alone. The two conditions need to be integrated: children need boundaries but these boundaries need to be applied in a manner that liberally uses reinforcement.

tested this assumption by selecting two children with a high frequency of problem behavior in each class in a public elementa4ry school. Behavioral categories were used as instrument for testing the children at baseline, and teachers were trained in application of behavior principles that they would introduce in their class. Results were then assessed in order to ascertain whether the employed discipline principles had any impact on behavioral conduct of the difficult children (in other words, whether their behavior improved as a result of the employed teachings). The training occurred for 2 weeks, the targeted children were observed for 20 minutes per day, three days a week. Experimental conditions consisted of (a) ignoring negative conduct (i.e. elimination of rules), (b) discipline (i.e. implementation of rules) followed by approval when kept.

Teachers were told to introduce a list of five or six explicit and relevant rules in a conspicuous location in the classroom. They were told to repeat these rules approximately three or four times having the class repeat them back; make the rules short and succinct; phrase the rules in a positive manner; occasionally remind the class of the rules; and present the rules at appropriate times.

Researchers found that introducing the rules in the classroom and then ignoring in appropriate behavior not only increased the problematic conduct of the difficult children but also aggravated the behavior of the class as a whole. A class that had been initially orderly and content, now demonstrated chaotic, discontent conduct, and teachers found this phase of the experiment unpleasant. When rules were introduced, there was a marked progress in improvement of behavior. However, the greatest effectiveness was demonstrated when teachers integrated rules with approval (i.e. praising appropriate behavior). This not only accorded children the necessary boundaries, but also reinforced their positive behavior and showed them they were treading in the correct direction (Madsen, Becker, & Thomas, 1968).).

Similarly, Kagan, Kyle, and Scott (Charles, 2005) recommend showing appreciation for the student, showing him or her positive ways of receiving attention, and working on building self-validation and self-esteem skills. Providing approval integrated with setting boundaries is, they asserted, the optimal educational approach.

Conclusion

In short, it has been repeatedly discovered that chidlren, regardless of age, need a clear idea of what the rules entail, and crave stability (Charles, 2005). According to Strocschien et al., (2008), the most effective parenting style is that which is characterized by emotional support with firm boundaries. Rules and norms are an expected way of social living. They are predictable and part of our lives, and, therefore, we rarely stop to question their roots. We accept them as part of our routine, as demonstrative of our progressiveness as a nation, and are comfortable in their security. When children don't have boundaries, their lives take a much different turn than parents ever plan. Even if parents don't start out setting boundaries for children, it is never too late to start. The older the child the harder it gets, but the importance of setting boundaries never declines. Setting boundaries for children is important for all who come into contact with them from educators to child care givers to parents, of course, themselves. And setting boundaries needs to be accompanied with positive reinforcement for it to be most effective.

In a review of the skills that constituted effective parenting when a single parent, Horowitz (in Hanson, 1994, Chapter 3) found that the conceptualization of expert parenting was not tied to or contingent on any particular family structure, type, socio-economic background, personality, and so forth. Rather "task, roles, rules, communion, resources, and relationships" all entered into the equation. Parenting was defined as the scenario of "ferrying children form conception and birth through developmental challenges and life events to adulthood" (Hanson, 1994, p.52) and Horowitz concluded that for this ferrying to be achieved and accomplished most effectively, rules are needed not only to transmit the culture but also to provide a sense of safety, meet the child's needs, assist the child to reach his or her developmental milestones, model problem-solving and coping strategies, teach skills necessary for survival, encourage a sense of personal value, and meaning in life, and by giving the child these boundaries, rules also promote a sense of self-esteem and positive identity (Hanson, 1994)