Southern grievances and radical persuasion leading to secession

¶ … Old South and Secession

What Led Southerners to Choose Disunion?

The South had several grievances against the North and the federal government. First they resented and feared the intent of some Northerners to limit the spread of slavery or to abolish it. Slavery was becoming more and more an issue of contention as time passed. Second, Southerners hated the high tariffs imposed by the Northern dominated Congress. Since the South had little manufacturing capacity, it had to import finished goods, and thus was interested in low tariffs. The North wanted to protect its industry from foreign competition and favored high tariffs. Some have argued that this issue more than slavery led to succession. Third, Southerners felt that the federal government was making more investments in the North with regard to transportation systems and infrastructure. The government favored a strong central banking system as well. Many Southerners felt that the investments in the North and the support given to banks favored Northern commercial interests at the expense of the South. Fourth, the cultures were too different. The North was contained many recent immigrants and had an industrial economy, while Southern culture harkened back to the landed gentry of England. The main events that precipitated succession and war were the split of the Democratic Party in June, 1860 into Northern and Southern wings, which made the South feel isolated, the election of a Republican President, who opposed the expansion of slavery, and the call for volunteers after Fort Sumter was attacked. Despite assurances to the contrary, Southerners were convinced that Lincoln would end slavery. The call for volunteers pushed some wavering Southern states that had resisted secession, into the Confederacy (Catton, 1961; Davis, 1982).

III. The Birth of the Confederacy

The Confederacy was born as a result of the election of Abraham Lincoln in a four way race on 6 November 1860. The states of the Deep South, particularly South Carolina, had said that they would leave the Union if a Republican were ever elected. On 20 December 1860 South Carolina seceded. Six more states followed from 9 January to 1 February 1861. On 4 February 1861, these states held a convention in Montgomery, Alabama to form the Confederacy. Jefferson Davis was elected President. These seven states began to seize federal property within their borders as President Buchanan, a lame duck, took no action. Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, SC remained in federal hands, but was besieged and running low on supplies. On 12 April Confederate forces fired on and captured Fort Sumter. Within days, President Lincoln called for the Union States to furnish 75,000 troops. This prompted four Upper South states to secede and join the Confederacy. On 29 May 1861, Richmond, Virginia became the capital of the Confederacy (Woodworth, 2000).

IV. Challenges of the Infant Confederacy

The main challenge that the infant Confederacy faced was the lack of support from the Upper South. Everyone assumed that these states would rally to the Confederacy. They did not. Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee held most of the white population in the South as well as the manufacturing base. These states were crucial to the Confederacy's survival. Another challenge was resistance by the federal government, which refused to give up Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens in Florida. The Confederate government needed to be resolute in the face of this challenge or risk the breakup of the infant nation. Since most of the political leaders were radicals, they took strong action which resulted in war. The third challenge was to avoid war, which they failed to do because of their response to the second challenge. The forth challenge was to gain legitimacy. They did this when Virginia joined the Confederacy and Richmond was made the new capital. The Northern states respected Virginia for its history, the number of presidents it produced, and as the home of men like Washington, Jefferson, and Madison (Catton, 1961; Davis 1982).

V. Relationship of the Deep South and the Upper South

The people of the Upper South were shocked by the behavior and attitudes of the people in the Deep South. The people of the Deep South (the cotton belt states) were equally puzzled by the attitudes of people in the Upper South. The states of the Upper South had strong Unionist sentiments, espoused primarily by former Whigs, now called the Opposition. The Uppers South States, led by Virginia's governor, John Letcher proposed a compromise to the crisis, and called for a convention of states to settle Northern and Southern differences, but their efforts failed. Sentiment was strong for the federal government and Virginia and North Carolina voters turned down a referendum to succeed in plebiscites. After Fort Sumter, however, four of these states did succeed. The Upper South had much of the manufacturing capability of the Confederacy and a significant portion of the white population. As noted above, Virginia was particularly important because of its history and connection to the Founding Fathers. The Upper South provided much of the industrial base for the Confederacy during the war and many its best soldiers and leaders. Thus, the Upper South was essential to the Confederacy (Catton, 1961; Crofts, 1989).

VI. The South's Motivations and Its Ultimate Doom

The Confederacy doomed the Old South. The only way to have prevented this would have been to have avoided the Civil War, because the South, realistically, had little hope of winning a war with the North if the North made a determined effort to preserve the Union. The loss of the war, the destruction it wrought, and the end of slavery ensured the end of the Old South and the way of life that characterized it. But, even without the Civil War, this way of life would have been doomed by increasing industrialization, improved communications, and intercontinental rail transportation, as well as growing foreign opposition to slavery (Crofts, 1989; Davis, 1982).

VII. Why Did Southerners Risk Everything?

Southerners risked everything for several reasons. First, they thought that if they did not make a stand after the election of 1860, they would lose their way of life anyway. Second, they were confident of victory if it came to war. Radicals had convinced them that one Southerner could handle three Yankees (or five, or ten). Southerners also felt that Britain and France would assist them to protect their own economic interests if the South needed help. Furthermore, it was inconceivable to Southerners that the North could conquer so large an area. All they had to do was stay on the defensive. Third, this was an age in which war was glorified, especially in the South. War was about honor and glory and not something to be avoided. Finally, most Southerners loved their way of life, even those who were not part of the planter class. They saw war as a way to preserve their culture. Many of the lower class, far from resenting the planters, hoped to become planters themselves some day (Catton, 1961; Woodworth, 2000).