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Toulmin's Model On Holding Bureaucracy Accountable
"How to use this worksheet": People in the administrative position did not have knowledge of the history of the problems.
"Toulmin's model is an effective tool to help you question your sources and the essential elements of your own argument."
"Use a separate copy of this worksheet to evaluate each of your sources. Once you've identified the specific parts of each argument, compare the claims, the data, the warrants (along with any qualifiers, rebuttals, or backing). Note where arguments are similar or different, weaker or stronger, supported by more or less (or by convincing or unconvincing) data."
"Use another copy of the worksheet to plan your own argument. Decide on a claim that is supported by the data and the warrants you have discovered through your research. Knowing the elemental structure of your argument is an essential step toward producing an effective argument."
Source: (Record the full source citation here)____ 1.Romzek, B.S. & Dubnick, M.J. (1987). Accountability in the Public Sector: Lessons From the Challenger Tragedy. Public Administration Review. 47:227 -238
____ 2.Lipsky, M.(1980). Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. _ Russell Sage Foundation.
3.Lowi, T.J. (1979). The End of Liberalism.: The Second Republic of the United States. New York. W.W. Norton & Company
"List each claim made in the argument." ____ Romzek, & Dubnick, (1987) links the explosion of the space shutter Challenger in mid-flight, where seven crews member lost their lives in the event because of the technical problems in the aircraft.
The findings of the Roger Commission in charge of the investigation about the cause of the accidents were too narrow. The commission did not use accountability in the investigation. NASA, being a unique public organization, has similar obligation to accountability similar to other public sector.
All the public officials should be accountable for their public decisions and should answer for all their doings.
Lipsky, (1980) identifies bureaucratic accountability, legal accountability, political accountability and professional accountability for public officials.
However, different accountability challenges exists in NASA such as bureaucratization and politicization leading to conflicting expectations.
Lipsky (1983) reveals that public officials occupy critical positions in the American position. In essence, low level employees provide essential services to government. However, street-level bureaucrats makes government policy in two related respects, and they exercise effective decisions with references to the citizens.
However, street level bureaucracies are often being criticized because of the inability to deliver responsive to appropriate services.
Lipsky (1983) points out shortage of resources such as limited information and time and cost constraints to obtain necessary information can hinder bureaucracies.
Thus, control and supervision provide guidance towards goals of bureaucracies. The clearer the goals, the better the…
Romzek, B.S. & Dubnick, M.J. (1987). Accountability in the Public Sector: Lessons From the Challenger Tragedy. Public Administration Review. 47:227 -238
Lipsky, M.(1980). Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. _ Russell Sage Foundation._
Lowi, T.J. (1979). The End of Liberalism.: The Second Republic of the United States. New York. W.W. Norton & Company
Backing Many organizations have suggested that humans' actions can significantly reduce environmental problems. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, even small lifestyle changes can significantly impact the environment. Some of the small lifestyle changes that the Fund recommends include saving water, recycling, and turning off electrical equipment when it is not being used ("How You Can Help the Environment"). Because humans cause some of the environmental problems by refusing
Specific Supports: Chang uses a few statistics as specific support such as by stating that "half of all Asian-Americans intermarry," and that Asian-Americans have the highest median income of all ethnic groups in the United States including Caucasians (p. 3). Supports are both factual and opinionated. Warrants: Warrants include the following. First, race exists. Chang claims that American culture is race-conscious even if race does not exist scientifically. Second, ethnicity and/or
Toulmin-Based Argument in Support of Pet Adoptions From Shelters More people who want pets should adopt them from shelters because many unwanted animals are being destroyed each year in favor of purebred species obtained from other sources which provide their operators with a profit. The worth of the lives of these otherwise-doomed animals, though, far outweighs the individual pet-owning preferences of owners and no animal should be destroyed in favor of
In the New Testament of the Bible, Jesus spent his latter days healing and caring for the sick, dying, and possessed. This should be the way that all Christians act and taking care of the environment for the sake of the poor and needy as well as all living organisms. Regarding the faith and teaching of the Christian Bible, Christians play a vital role in the maintenance of the Earth. The
Zoo Animals Human beings have kept animals in zoos for centuries, but only relatively recently have the ethical considerations of this practice been widely considered. At one extreme are those individuals and organizations that see no problem keeping animals in zoos and other attractions, in keeping with the long history of animal confinement in the service of human entertainment, and at the other extreme are those individuals and groups arguing that
Toulmin Argument on American Families Up to 30 years ago, divorces were difficult to obtain and were very rare in American society. However, in 1969, the advent of no-fault divorce laws caused a spike in divorce rates. Qualifier follows- This paper argues that if the United States wants to preserve the traditional ideals of the American family, (claim follows) -- the no fault divorce laws must be repealed. Support #1 follows --