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EPA Process Evaluation
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities of electricity, transportation, and industry that accounted for 84% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from human activity in 2010 (Greenhouse Emissions: Carbon Dioxide Emissions). CO2 has a natural presence through the atmosphere, oceans, soil, plants, and animals. Human activity is altering the carbon cycle by influencing the ability of natural sinks, such as forests, to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Because of this situation, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) takes measures by testing processes and public policies to reduce the influence of the human activity in reduction of the CO2 in the atmosphere.
The toxicity assessment is the tool EPA uses to determine what levels are dangerous or could cause harm to the environment or of the effects depends on the exposure level, route of exposure, and duration of exposure (Toxicity Assessment). The assessment is divided into two parts consisting of non-cancer effects and cancer effects. Threshold doses are determined by estimating toxicological data from previous studies. The thresholds are determined to lie between the highest dost that does not produce effect and the lowest dose that does produce effect. The non-cancer evaluations are based on a Reference Dose (RfD), which is an estimate of daily exposure that is likely without effects, instead of the threshold doses.
The cancer effects are assessed in two components. The first component is a qualitative evaluate of the weight of evidence that the chemical does not cause cancer. The second part is done for chemicals that are determined to cause cancer and quantification is performed to determine the number of cancers the chemical causes in animals and humans. This is a toxicity…
Bibliography
Greenhouse Emissions: Carbon Dioxide Emissions. (n.d.). Retrieved from EPA: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html
Press, A. (2012, Dec 14). It Begins: EPA imposes controversial new rul on soot pollution. Retrieved from Fox News: http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/12/14/epa-imposes-new-rule-on-soot-pollution
Toxicity Assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved from EPA: http://epa.gov/region8/r8risk/hh_toxicity.html
Risk Assessment is an integral aspect on any business irrespective of industry. Every business has some form of inherent risk embedded within its underlying business operations. This risk, through proper assessment can be minimized and practically prevented under certain conditions. Through proper risk assessments, businesses can abate the influences of danger that ultimately erodes both profitability, and reputation. In addition, risk assessments allow the company to reduce the prevalence of
Toxicology Report: Abandoned Industrial Site An overview of site conditions Located about one mile upstream from a residential area, conditions at the site in question are similar to those involved in many abandoned industrial sites across the country where there has been little attention paid to remediating the leftovers from chemical-intensive commercial operations. The site had been in continuous use for the past 6 decades by two different companies and approximately one
We have identified the hazards as PCBs and hexavalent chromium, both of which are classified as potential carcinogens and which may also cause acute and/or chronic health problems in humans. An exposure assessment has revealed that ingestion is likely to be the main exposure point of entry for PCBs, whereas inhalation is likely to be the main point of entry for exposure to hexavalent chromium. The risks are characterized
Because any nurse dedicated to evidence-based practice should be wary of jumping to conclusions and presuming a causal relationship between the workplace environment and the client’s health, it is recommended to perform thorough risk assessments and ideally collaborate with environmental health specialists who may be able to perform actual analyses of potential contaminants, irritants, or anything measurable. “Risk assessors should have a basic grounding in epidemiology, toxicology and chemistry,” which
Health and Ecological Effects of Turf Fields Logos These are a recent type of synthetic turf, covered by a grass-like ground that strongly resembles natural grass in looks and function (STC 2015). They are said to function this way on a year-round basis in all weathers and for prolonged use without need for recovery. Because it is synthetic, it is offered as a suitable solution and replacement for worn-out playing fields. At
Occupational Toxicology Bakand, S., Hayes, A. & Deschakulthorn, F. (2012). Nanoparticles: A review of particle toxicology following inhalation exposure. Inhalation Toxicology. Vol. 24 (2) 125-135. The article can be found at the following URL: http://www.tums.ac.ir/1391/11/28/Nano%20Inh%20Tox%2008958378.2012.pdf-sh-bakand-2013-02-16-10-35.pdf This article discusses one of the emerging issues in inhalation toxicology, which is nanoparticles. The authors note from the outset that the "rapid expansion of nanotechnology" is going to result in a spike in nanoparticles that can infiltrate