Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Turkish Revolution as Defined by the Six Arrows of Kemalism
The Turkish Republic
On October 29th, 1923, the country of Turkey was proclaimed a Republic and Mustafa Kemal was elected its first President, with Ismet (Inonu) as the first Prime Minister. In many ways, this was the natural result of Turkey's war for independence against the Ottoman Empire, however the appointment of Kemal as President proved to have vast and -- in many cases -- unexpected ramifications for Turkey and its people.
The decision to proclaim Turkey a Republic was considered "premature," by many Independence War veterans, to include Huseyin Rauf, Ali Faut, Adnan, Refat and Kazim, as "calling the state a republic did not in itself bring freedom and that the real difference was between despotism and democracy, whether under a republican or a monarchic system."
Meanwhile, many...
Abolishing the caliph -- a religious and largely symbolic position -- was merely the first of several secular-minded reforms under the Kemal regime.
Now referred to as the "Six Arrows of Kemalism," this regime was founded on the following six principles:
1. Republicanism: Kemal and his supporters recognized no other political party aside from the Republican Party, believing that a Republic best represented the will of the people.
2. Populism: Kemal replaced the ancient traditions of Turkey -- to include the secondary status of women -- with more…
5. Nationalism: Kemal was staunchly opposed to imperialist rule and sought to create a united, indivisible Turkish state.
6. Statism: Kemal imposed a split economic policy in which the state assumed responsibility for all major investments -- such as the building of a national railroad beginning in 1923 -- though it stilled allowed for local industrial freedom.
As you might expect, not everyone was in agreement that the policies Kemal regime -- formally referred to as the Republican People's Party -- were in Turkey's best interest. Soon after Kemal assumed his presidential post, war veteran Huseyin Rauf formed the Progressive Republican political opposition party. Believing several of Kemal's policies to be premature, underdeveloped, or overly radical, the Progressive Republican Party (PRP) advocated decentralization, separation of political powers, and an evolutionary vs. revolutionary approach to change. PRP policies were highly favored among the conservative east and, as a result, the party quickly became a contender for political power in Turkey.
Against the party supported by the Committee of Union and Progress, devoted to centralization, Ottomanization, and destruction of special privileges for national, religious, or foreign interests, was the liberal party, in touch with Greek, Armenian, Bulgarian, Arab, and Albanian nationalists, suspected of alliance with the Sultan and reaction. Kiamil Pasha, found his support here and was forced to resign (Maloy, et al. 2006). Himil Pasha was less strongly English (Maloy,
Rise of the Secular Turkish Republic It was in 1923 that the Republic of Turkey appeared on the face of the globe. The Turks consider the preceding years i.e. 1919-1922 as the years of their struggle for independence. The Turkish state that was formed as a consequence of this struggle was a completely new republic despite the fact that various partition schemes were proposed by the triumphant Allies during and after
In the Nineteenth Century, Mahmud II and Abdulmecid promulgated reforms that gave to millet the sense it has always had to Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Western scholars, diplomats, and politicians. The millet system furnished, degree of religious, cultural, and ethnic continuity within these communities, while on the other it permitted their incorporation into the Ottoman administrative, economic and political system. An ethnic-religious group preserved its culture and religion while being subject
political framework of EU and OCT European Union (EU) and Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) are in association with each other via a system which is based on the provisions of part IV of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU), consisting of detailed rules and measures which are laid down in the document issued on 27th November 2001 title Oversees Association Decision. The expiry date of this
The ability to create a more effective knowledge management and learning system is more important than just creating an online store and populating it with products, which is a key lessons learned through much of the analysis for this report (Molla, Heeks, 2007). The internationalization of e-commerce then is the antithesis of one-size-fits all; it is rather the ability to tailor e-commerce strategies with accuracy and precision to the
Turkey to address the needs of the Syrian refugees, thereby facilitating the safety of the refugees while ensuring the health of the local Turkish communities. United Nations leader Ban Ki-moon has described the Syrian Civil War as having reached "appalling heights of brutality," ("UN predicts huge surge in Syrian refugee numbers: AFP"). According to official United Nations counts, more than 460,000 Syrians have fled Syria to find safety, and those