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When the old Manchu dynasty failed to come up with ways to thwart the invading foreigners, a new nationalism was born in China. The old pastimes and rituals (p. 214) had allowed China to become soft. This awakening nationalism - partly a rejection of "foot binding, servant-girl bondage, prostitution, gambling," and opium smoking - was stoked not just by the colonial aggression, but by a spreading literacy (educational institutions were being built, the telegraph, newspapers, magazines and railway travel) and emerging awareness of their endangered culture. The last Manchu Emperor was put out of office on February 12, 1912, and hence a political system that had endured for 2,133 years, was out of commission.
Fairbank takes great pains to cover myriad events in China that led the country from ancient dynasties to new ideas and new leadership. The new order - the Kuomintang political party - came into power in 1913 with the first national elections; but the leader of the Kuomintang, Sun Yat-sen, couldn't make progress in his bid to unite the existing warlords, and by1927, Chiang Kai-shek had put together various factions in China, and was in control. He launched a "New Life Movement" to give the Chinese...
Chang Kai-shek also instituted the "cult of Confucius" and tried to revive ancient morality, proper behavior, good conduct, integrity, "and the sense of shame." When Chang Kai-shek's powers faltered and gave way to Mao's "Great Leap Forward" and his "Cultural Revolution." Fairbank notes on page 446 that the nationalist revolution (led by Sun Yat-sen) that was designed to unify China against foreign aggression, the Nanking government (Chiang Kai-sheck) attempting to modernize China (1928-1937), along with the "destructiveness of Japan's invasion (1923-1928), combined to provide the open door for "the subsequent remaking of China under the People's Republic (Mao).
Fairbank concludes his excellent book by suggesting that the future of China "is so uncertain that American efforts to understand it should be given high priority" (492). Of course this book was published several years ago, and much has happened between the U.S. And China since then, much of it positive. Still, it's worth using this book as background, as it is well written and seems objective in its coverage.
Works Cited
Fairbank, John…
Works Cited
Fairbank, John King. The United States and China. Cambridge, MASS: Harvard University Press, 1983.
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