Fielding, N. (2010). Mixed Methods Research. International

Fielding, N. (2010). Mixed Methods Research. International Journal of Social Research, 13 (2), 127 -- 138.

In the field of criminal justice and security management, there are a wide variety of techniques used to understand the best approaches for interacting with stakeholders. Fielding (2010) determined that the mixed method approach is the most effective. This is because it is examining different aspects of the problem and conducting a separate study to corroborate key ideas. These insights were used to show the underlying trends inside the U.S. And UK criminal justice systems. As Fielding determined, that both countries are wrestling with similar challenges including: rising criminal / gang related violence, juvenile delinquency and gun related crimes. This is illustrating the challenges impacting the two systems. In the future, these ideas can help to identify the root causes of these problems and the best approach for addressing them. The fact that similarities have been identified, is illustrating how similar problems are affecting developed nations. This provides a foundation for understanding the larger trends inside the field of criminal justice. (Fielding, 2010)

Ellicott, I. (2011). Procedural Justice in Contacts. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 17 (4), 592 -- 610.

Moreover, Ellicott (2011) determined that the mixed approach is effective in analyzing the problem and corroborating the patterns. In a study that was conducted he was testing victim -- police interactions. These techniques were utilized to support higher procedural collaboration and greater communication among the different parties. To comprehend what was happening, a series of interviews were conducted with 110 people. Their responses were compared with general findings from review different sources. Evidence of this can be seen with Ellicott saying, "Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, this study tested the model in the context of victim -- police interactions. In-depth interviews were conducted with 110 people who had reported a crime (personal or property) to the police in the previous year. Quantitative findings supported the predictions that higher perceived antecedents of procedural justice would be associated with higher perceived legitimacy (obligation to obey the law), outcome fairness, and satisfaction with the contact. Qualitative findings supported these results." (Ellicott, 2011)

Gorard, S. (2007). Where does Good Evidence come from? International Journal of Research, 20 (3), 307 -- 323.

In spite of the success from using mixed methods, Gorad (2007) found that the qualitative approach is more effective at uncovering problems. This is because the sample is focused on identifying the issues in real time. While the quantitative method, can offer insights for understanding specific trends and the overall scope of the challenges. A good example of this can be seen with Gorard saying, "Quantitative research propositions, as might be expected, not only concern the importance of experimental trials for establishing the security of causal evidence, but also include some important practical and acceptable alternatives such as regression-discontinuity analysis. Qualitative research propositions, again as might be expected, tend to place experimental trials within a larger quantitative sequence of research activities." This is illustrating how the focus of the two approaches will be different. As a result, Gorard believes that the methodology should be selected based upon the problem and the in depth focus of the study. (Gorard, 2007)

Payls, T. (2012). Qualitative Research in the Digital Era. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 11 (4), 114 -- 119.

However, Payls (2012) found that the qualitative method can provide the most specific insights about the problem and possible solutions. This is because it can use a host of formats to comprehend what is happening including traditional paper, verbal and online. This gives actuaries the ability to understand a diverse range of views. Evidence of this can be seen with Payls saying, "New opportunities now exist that we have experimented with and implemented in our own research, such as viral sampling strategies, wireless interviewing, and voice recognition transcription. This allows for qualitative research to identify the problem and possible limitations objectively" These ideas are showing the way qualitative approach can help criminal justice and security management by determining the root causes of the problem This is when solutions can be introduced which can address these challenges while they are small. The range of tools helps to enhance the accuracy of the research. (Payls, 2012)

Warr, M. (2000). Fear of Crime in the United States. Measurement and Analysis of Crime, 4, 451 -- 485.