Cognitive and Behavioral Development of an Adolescent

Theories of moral and cognitive development can be used in understanding Riley's case and behavior. According to the Piaget's theory of development, children go through various stages in life. Theories of development reveal that when a student is in high school or the 10th grade, he or she undergoes through a period of personal development through the creation of identities. At this stage, individuals are preparing for adulthood and gaining more independence just as adolescents become experimenters in their lives. Piaget proposed a theory of development where moral reasoning for children develops from what he calls a naive understanding of morality. This naive understanding is usually based on behavior and outcomes. However, as they develop, they can have a more advanced understanding that is based on intentions. This means that Riley is using his independence in the wrong way. The identity crisis as described in the theories of development is a serious issue that he is facing. As a football player, he interacts with the other adolescents and conforms to some of the activities that they undertake, as he wants to fit in the group.

According to Kohlberg, Riley is on the conventional level where he is beginning to internalize some of the moral standards of valued adult role models. During this stage, authority is internalized but not questioned since the concept of reasoning is usually based on the norms that have been accepted by the group in which a person belongs. The issue of good interpersonal relationships is a characteristic of Riley's behavior. The implication of this is that he does things that make the rest of the group see him as a good person. It also means that the answers relate to the approval from others. Despite having thoughts of some of the activities being wrong and against his morals, Riley accepts them and even takes parts in them. Therefore, he does it to get the approval of others in the community. Riley wants to be part of the football team, which means that he has to do some of the things that are done by the other boys. Failure to do this will be a recipe for rejection.

According to the social learning theory by Bandura, children learn behavior from the environment through observational learning. The environment, therefore, determines largely the issue of behavior that the child or the adolescent has. The explanation can be used in analyzing Riley's case. He has learned the behavior of going out on Fridays from the other boys in the team.

Counseling Riley involves helping him develop his self-awareness in which he can know his emotions, his strengths, and the challenges. Similarly, the teacher must help him understand how his emotions might affect his behavior. Enhancing social awareness is an important aspect considered when counseling Riley. Social awareness is the ability to be able to understand and respect the points of view of other people. The counselor must ensure that Riley can apply this knowledge in their social interactions. The teacher or the counselor must understand his core reason for being in school. Moreover, the teacher should also take the time to enhance responsible decision making through explaining to him some of the consequences of the things that he has started doing.

Parents play a major role in the development of a child. Evidently, children learn behavior through making observations of the people surrounding them. This concept means that there are role models who are looked upon by the children. The parents should consider their actions and ensure that they do not plant a seed of immorality because of the parents. Despite the young people having much independence as provided by their group, they still need their parents for them to have the right guidance that will take them forward. At this age, it is important to encourage the social and the emotional development of the teen. The parent is still needed as the teens become independent. The parents must ensure that they remind their teens that they still care. This goes a long way to keeping the teen in check and in line to achieving his or her plans.

From the behavioral theory of counseling, it is clear that behavior is learned and the environment plays a critical role in shaping Riley's behavior. Therefore, parents must ensure that a young person can grow in an environment that is positive for their cognitive development (Carey, Zaitchik, & Bascandziev, 2015). Being there to provide the necessary guidance is important, as it will deter him from developing stronger relationships with the rest of the team as Riley did after joining the football team. Besides, he goes to night parties and takes drugs as a recreational activity.

References

Carey, S., Zaitchik, D., & Bascandziev, I. (2015). Theories of Development: In Dialog with Jean Piaget. Developmental Review, 38, 36-54.

Woolfolk, A. E. (2016). Educational psychology (13th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill