5%. Symptoms were prevelent enough to require the same kinds of injections one would get in high mountain climbing. The CO2, however, fluctuated daily probably because of a different manner in which drawdown during sunlight interacted with night respiration. The crew had to constantly monitor and tweak these levels, often by manipulating irrigation, cutting and storing biomass, and increasing or decreasing photosynthesis. Some thought that this unplanned fuxuation came about because of a series of microbial growth spurts in the soil (Marino and Odum, 1999).
The second stage of the experiment is what brought it to a close. It was scheduled to last from March 1994 to January 1995, but, because of a series of disputes between management, problems within the second crews dynamics, and members of the first crew violating the clsure rule, it was dissolved on September 6, 1994. Experts came into the facility and found that one ant species had almost dominated the ecosystem; wiping out the fertilizers, preying on birds, and more (Broad, 1996). Columbia University took over the project from 1995 to 2003, using it as a working lab for research on space flight research, planetary dynamics, and the effects of global warming (Arenson, 2003).
The question remains, however: was Biosphere 2 a failure? Certainly, it was a failed managerial attempt externally; certainly the second mission collapsing was a failure, but the project a failure -- hardly. In fact so much data has come out of the techniques used in Biosphere 2 that it can hardly be termed a scientific failure. First, we learned that, like chaos theory predicts, a system cannot be closed and not be expected to adapt in some way or another. Like trying to accurately predict the weather, predicting every single aspect of the moisture levels, the amount of sunlight (and who would know how many sunny days and at what intensity), or the way that minute soil bacteria would remove oxygen from the air, was practically impossible. This is an important lesson -- biomes are inordinately...
We do not always notice this because of the amount of air and water that can cleanse our planet (Biosphere 1, even massive structures are unable to perform the same way. Second, a tremendous amount of data same out of the project in reference to human psychological adaptation; low caloric diets; division of labor. Finally, the biggest lesson from Biosphere 2 is that humans are not quite ready to plan a new system that is sustainable without some sort of intervention on a regular basis.
REFERENCES
Arenson, K. (2003, September 9). Columbia University Ends Its Association With Biosphere 2. Retrieved September 18, 2010, from The New York Times: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E7D6173BF93AA3575AC0A9659C8B63
Broad, W. (1996, November 19). Paradise Lost: Biosphere Retooled as Atmospheric Nightmare. Retrieved September 18, 2010, from The New York Times: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE2D9133AF93AA25752C1A960958260
Erickson, M. (2005). Science, Culture, and Society. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
Marino and Odum. (1999). Biosphere 2: Research Past and Present. Burlington, MA: Elsevier.
Nelon, Burgess, Alling, Alvarez-Romo, Dempster, Walford and Allen. (1993, April). Using a Closed Ecological System to Study Earth's Biosphere. BioScience, 43(4), 225-36.
Nelson and Dempster. (1996). Living in Space: Results from Biosphere 2's Initial Closure: An Early Testbed for Closed Ecological Systems on Mars. American Astronautical Society, 86(2), 95-488.
Poynter, J. (2006). The Human Experiment. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press.
Shea, T. (2005). Biosphere 2: Solving World Problems.…
Ralph Waldo Emerson's idealized and mesmerizing description of the role and life of the poet describes not only the particular calling and obligation of those who choose to follow the poetic muses but also -- because of Emerson's own influence on the writings of Americans who followed him -- proved to be a strongly proscriptive piece of advice for other poets and writers in the decades after Emerson helped to
Gift giving creates a bond between the giver and the receiver. Mauss felt that to reject a gift, was to reject the social bond attached to it. Likewise, to fail to reciprocate is viewed as a dishonorable act in some cultures. Gift giving is a means to create social cohesion among the group. What Distinctive contributions did Weber make to social theory? Weber used his work to attempt to understand the
Jerry Coyne's Why Evolution is True I understand it contradicts the account in the Bible and other holy texts, if one takes a literalist interpretive stance, but given that most texts have more significant internal conflicts, I did not see why this particular theory would cause people to have such visceral emotional responses. I understand, intellectually, that evolution is not the first scientific advance to be met with tremendous hostility;
That model has been adapted from their work and is shown in the following illustration labeled Figure 1 in this study. Figure 1 Personality Development and Cultural Socialization Source: Finkbeiner and Koplin (2002) Finkbeiner and Koplin additionally relate that the constructivist view is one that holds that "individuals construct the world in ways that help them make meaning of it and from it. Thus our cultural identity is the result of cognitive and
Museum Methods museum is usually a non-profit organization with intent to provide education and enlightenment by the organized collection, preservation, interpretation and exhibit of items deemed to be of interest to the public or community. Historically, museums have evolved as collaborative projects to house collected works gathered for the appreciation of the current and future generations in our society. However, such definitions cannot be regarded as the last word on
Annunaki Mystery: Are Homo Sapiens the Result of an Alteration of Homo Erectus DNA Mixed with Unspecified Cells of the Ancient Sumerian Gods Known as the Annunaki? The objective of this study is to examine the creation of Adam and Eve which is related in the Holy Bible account of the Garden of Eden and to examine other ancient texts which relate the creation of mankind and to determine if homo