The expertise of the firm should be a factor, since expertise in a given market, or type of market, can play a significant role in organizational success.
The governmental/legal environment must be carefully considered. Each country has its own approach to FDI, some being more open than others. In many cases, the form of the FDI will be dictated by government policy. For example in many countries governments strongly favor joint ventures with local firms.
The type of investment is perhaps the most important decision that needs to be made. There are a number of options. Some include licensing/technology transfer, where the investing firm hires a local firm to produce the product or service. Reciprocal distribution agreements allow for the firm to have its products sold abroad, typically in exchange for opening the domestic market to the foreign partner. Joint ventures and strategic alliances result in tighter partnerships, with the subsidiary being owned by both parties. A greenfield subsidiary involves the firm setting up a facility from scratch. Portfolio investment involves making minority investments in overseas companies in order to gain some say in their management (Graham & Spaulding, 2005).
There are many ways to reduce the risks inherent in FDI. Having a local partner -- a joint venture most likely -- mitigates multiple risk types. The local government is more likely to be favorable and the local partner has expertise in the market with respect to marketing, distribution, the legal system and the hiring practices. Local partners also come with build-in distribution channels...
International Risk Management No profit was ever made without taking some financial risk. However, economists such as John Eatwell and Lance Taylor have argued in their text Global Finance at Risk: The Case for International Regulation that international financial markets are intrinsically and particularly apt to pose the threat of risk to potential investors on an individual and a corporate level. Investors in finance base their decisions on guesses, not only
Risk Management in Hedge Funds A research of how dissimilar hedge fund managers identify and achieve risk The most vital lesson in expressions of Hedge Fund Management comes from the inadequate name of this kind of alternative investment that is an alternative: The notion that all methodical risks are differentiated away is not really applicable here, with the Hedge Fund returns, in realism, representing a mixture of superior administration of market
Finance Managing exchange rate risk can be a daunting task for many international firms attempting to expand overseas, acquire new companies, or simply manage its cash flows. Globalization has created a dynamic environment in which competition can arise to disrupt entire industries. Aspects such as technology, pharmaceuticals, banking, and automobiles have all experienced rapid change as a result of globalization and the competitive forces that underline it. As a result, companies,
Hence, we decided to take differnet bank groups and companies (previously highlighted in the pie-charts) and compared the net growth of these selected bank groups in the finanical years of 2006 and 2007. Note that these net profits were claculated with the number of increase or decrease in the overall loans investments in these bank groups. An important thing to note here is that while bank credit is increasing in
This is equity risk. Equity risk can be measured -- either with standard deviation or more typically with the beta coefficient. This risk must be addressed, because the upside movement of the stock was something that was paid for with the lower rate of interest payments. Diversification of any equity portfolio can be done on a number of other variables. The diversified portfolio will contain exposure to a wide range
185). Components for these products may be manufactured and put together in branches in various countries throughout the world. Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Hong Kong were involved in the earliest types of production sharing, which included assembling electronic components manufactured in other countries. Production sharing, one World Bank study determined, currently contributes to approximately 30% of manufacturers' total global trade. Foreign affiliates' international exports approach over 7% of global
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