Literary analysis of The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe

Fall of the House of Usher

The Use of Dramatic Tension in Poe's the Fall of the House of Usher

Edgar Allen Poe is considered by many to be the master of the horror story, and for good reason. Not only was he able to craft plots full of thrills and twists, but he unfolded these plots using language, syntax, and figures of speech designed to engage the reader on profound psychological and emotional levels. The Fall of the House of Usher is an example if Poe's masterful use of narrative techniques to draw readers into the suspense and terror of the plot.

The most fundamental literary tool that Poe uses to engage the reader in The Fall of the House of Usher is first person narration, which appears in the first sentence of the story: "…I had been passing alone, on horseback, through a singularly dreary tract of country" (Poe 297). The use of "I" by the narrator instantly creates a powerful sense of identification within the reader. During the suspension of disbelief that occurs in the mind of the reader at the opening of the story, he or she automatically steps into the role of the narrator. Once this connection is made, the reader has no choice but to experience the same journey of increasing terror as the narrator.

The manner in which this journey unfolds showcases another literary device Poe uses to pull the reader into the story: dramatic tension. Poe uses carefully crafted sentences to create a sense of almost painful mental and emotional anticipation in the reader. For instance, when first describing the Usher house, Poe depicts the scene in one long, rhythmic sentence:

I looked upon the scene before me -- upon the mere house, and the simple landscape features of the domain -- upon the bleak walls -- upon the vacant eye-like windows -- upon a few rank sedges -- and upon a few white trunks of decayed trees -- with an utter depression of soul which I can compare

to no earthly sensation more properly than to the after-dream of the reveler upon opium -- the bitter lapse into everyday life -- the hideous dropping off of the veil. (297)

Several things in the construction of this sentence serve to build suspense in the reader. The use of dashes instead of commas highlights and exaggerates the pauses between the phrases, creating a sense of heightened drama and building rhythm. This effect is intensified by the parallel construction of the prepositional phrases; the repetition of "upon" reinforces the dramatic tenor of the sentence and creates in the reader a sense of anticipation. Finally, the near overuse of adjectives -- no fewer than fourteen in this one sentence -- almost overwhelms the reader in the same way that the narrator himself is being overwhelmed.

As Poe builds this emotional tension in the reader on through his construction of the sentences, he also does it on the level of the narrative itself. The sense of dramatic tension within the narrative is created by Poe's masterful use of foreshadowing and delay. A prime example of this occurs early in the story, when the narrator explains his presence at the Usher mansion. He reveals that the occupant has summoned him there in a letter of "wildly importunate nature," and that the occupant is an old friend who now suffers a "mental disorder" (298). The combination of the ghoulish scene which the narrator has described and the mysteriously disturbed person who resides there evokes in the reader a morbid sense of curiosity and anticipation, foreshadowing a dangerous future for the narrator, his friend, and even the landscape.

Instead of gratifying the reader's desire to know more about this dangerous future, Poe instead veers sharply into a discussion of the inhabitant's character as a child. He continues with the fascinating but apparently meaningless (for the moment, at least) observation that the Usher family consists of a single line of direct descent and that the family is so tied to the mansion that they are now known by the same name.

While this turns out to be a crucial connection in the final scene, when the house itself perishes along with its inhabitants, it is presented so abruptly and matter-of-factly that it serves to disorient the reader. Where the preceding passages were marked by harrowing descriptions and peppered with dramatic dashes, this paragraph is decidedly dry and straightforward. In fact, the entire paragraph contains only one dash and not a single reference to anything horrific.