Alignment helps keep both qualitative and quantitative research studies cohesive, meaningful, and valid. The purpose of the study and its implications for policy or practice should be aligned with the research questions, design, and method. Research by Forster, Grigsby, Unger, et al. (2015) illustrates the concept of alignment in a quantitative study. The research focuses on the links between exposure to violence in the community, social ties with gangs or gang members, social self-control, and aggressive behavior. Based on prior research, the authors hypothesize that exposure to violence in the community would be associated with aggressive behaviors. The authors also hypothesize that having friends or family members in gangs was positively correlated with aggressive behavior, and that lower levels of self-control were also correlated with aggressive behavior. All of these hypotheses have the same dependent variable (aggressive behavior exhibited over the past week). These hypotheses and related research questions are also directly aligned with the purpose of the study: which is to identify risk factors for adolescent aggression. Moreover, the authors chose three of the most salient independent variables (exposure to violence, having friends or family members in gangs, and low social self-control) that have been already shown to be associated with...

The authors also want to illustrate the connections between these two variables, two of which are circumstantial or environmental (exposure to violence plus gang associations) and one of which is psychological or individual (social self-control).
The authors also carefully align their research methods and design with the research questions and the purpose of the study. In this case, the researchers choose a cross-sectional design with population samples from Los Angeles. Because the authors are specifically interested in urban gang violence, their sampling methods are appropriate, as is the selection of the research site. The authors did need to choose a population sample that would have been exposed to both violence in the community as well as family members and friends in gangs. The cross-sectional approach allowed the researchers to examine all the variables within the same population sample. Surveys and assessments were appropriately used for data collection.

Descriptive questions used in the study directly and clearly describe responses to the major variables. For example, the surveys asked single pointed questions about whether the individual had family members in a gang but used the social self-control measure, a standardized assessment, for measuring social self-control. The authors used…