Ethical Analysis of Airbrushing
- According to the National Eating Disorders Association, upwards of 10 million women and 1 million men suffer from one of the three most common eating disorders: anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder. While these disorders are complex psychological conditions, partial blame for these high numbers is commonly placed on the unrealistic body expectations created by popular media. This led Englands Liberal Democrats in 2009 to call for a ban on airbrushing in material aimed at children under the age of 16 and a required warning stating where what retouching occurred on images aimed at adults. In reply to the partys proposal the Advertising Standards Authority, Britains advertising self-regulatory organization, responded by saying that while they always investigate and remove misleading and irresponsible ads, that the Liberal Democrats proposal would not only be nearly impossible to enforce, but would violate companies rights to use an accepted creative practice.
--Paper is to be at least 1500 words with word count included at end of paper (not including cover and bibliography words)
--Paper must include 1-2 pages of analysis and application of ONE philosopher or theory from these choices: Thomas Hobbs, Immanuel Kant, Aristotle, Carol Gilligan, John Rawls, Milton Friedman, Karl Marx, Theodore Hiebert, Vandana Shiva, Peter Singer,

Assignment: Week 6 Case Study

In the Case Study assignments students demonstrate multiple skills. The Case Study is composed of two parts: The ?Ethical Analysis? portion should be the first half of the assignment and the second half will be the ?decision.? This assignment asks students to inhabit the position of an ethics administrator or a representative of a hospital ethics committee who is coming to a decision regarding a specific case. The Case Study assignments are weighted heavily in the final grade.

Assessment Purpose

The purpose of the assignment in an abstract sense is to assess student?s capacity to analyze a situation ethically and ?objectively,? and secondly, to come to a decision using ethics. The assignment is forcing students into an overly formulaic and artificial situation. The assessment purpose of this assignment is multifold: Firstly, this assignment is used to assess if students have mastered the ethical theories and if they can utilize the ethical theories in a ?real life? context. Secondly, this assignment will make use of the ?ethical analysis? skill that was learned in week 3. Lastly, this assignment is a writing assessment; something of critical importance to Benedictine?s educational objectives for the MPH program. Issues of citation, grammar and general writing competence are the focus here. The three arenas in which the assignment will be graded is as follows:

1. Ethical analysis
2. Decision/ Justification
3. Grammatical + Stylistic Issues

In each of the three arenas each assignment will receive a percentage score. If a paper receives 100% in all three arenas, then the paper will receive a 100% grade, which is an averaging of all three percentages. If one receives 85% in two arenas and 50% in a third arena, then the final grade will be 73.3% for the assignment.

Requirements

1. 50% of the assignment must be composed of a complete ?ethical analysis? section.
2. The ?ethical analysis? portion must be ?neutral? and must not include a decision or a ?locatable? bias. It should follow the model provided in the instructions for the ethical analysis assignment in week 5.
3. 50% of the assignment must be composed of a ?decision section composed of a discussion of ethics that uses multiple ethical theories in a way that demonstrates that the student has mastered these theories.
4. All sections must have subheadings that are bolded.
5. This paper should be written in the third person.
6. Papers must adhere to APA requirements and ought to be free of grammatical complications.

Suggestions

1. There is no required page minimum. Average paper lengths near 13-15 pages or so and are double-spaced (1.5). However, one might want to error on greater depth and specificity than less.
2. Please use the feedback provided regarding your ?ethical analysis? assignment in week 5 in order to write the ?ethical analysis? portion of your Case Study assignments. In the ethical analysis portion, try to stick to the model provided in the instructions provided in week 5.
3. While the ethical theories are required in the justification section, references to the supplementary articles are strongly suggested but not required.
4. This paper should have minimal use of external sources in the body of the paper because this assignment ought to reflect the student?s original work and thinking. Thus, this paper should not be composed of other authors? work regarding transplantation ethics. As a guide, one might stick to a 90% rule in which 90% of the assignments is made up solely of the student?s own words. Aside from actual wording, there should also be minimal use of external references since this assignment allows the instructor to evaluate the student?s work. One might wish to limit external references to 4-6 external sources.
5. This paper is not a philosophical paper. The purpose of this paper is not to reflect on ethics and ethical issues primarily. Rather the primary purpose here is application. These are two different aims. As an application-centered assignment, this paper should look much more like a professional communication that emerged from an ethicist or ethics committee that deliberated about the case during a single session and it should not look like an impassioned plea from an opinionated layperson. It should also not look like a researched term paper. Rather, it should look like a committee decision or an ethicist?s decision.



Resources?

This link is useful. It is important that nothing be plagiarized from any parts of the following website:

http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/

--Illegal Immigrants, Health Care, and Social Responsibility
--U.S. Rule Limits Emergency Care for Immigrants
--Title: Intervention and Reflection: Basic Issues in Bioethics
Author: Ronald Munson
Publisher: Cengage
Ed/Year: 9th/2012
ISBN-13: 978-1133587149
1. Make sure to add a justification section at the end of this assignment that now justifies your decision in this scenario.

2. Make sure to use bolded headings in your paper. This is really helpful.

? Analyze the ?Real-Life Situation? case below and complete a 3-4 page, double-spaced report using the following format:
o Summary: Identify the key stakeholders in the case and the impact of the operational/ethical issues on the stakeholders.
o Ethical Analysis: Summarize the key ethical issues in the situation. Apply at least two of the ethical perspectives (theories of ethical thought presented in the course) and for each perspective, give your opinion as to what aspects of the situation (actions by any stakeholder) demonstrate ethically sound behavior and which illustrate unethical behavior.
o Cost/Benefit Assessment of Company Actions: Summarize the costs (cons, loss to company, negative impact) and benefits (pros, gains to the company, positive impact) of the company?s actions in this case, based on the two ethical perspectives used above.
A Real-Life Situation
Kent was getting pressure from his boss, parents, and wife about the marketing campaign for Broadway Corporation?s new video game called ?Lucky.? He had been working for Broadway for about two years, and the Lucky game was his first big project. After Kent and his wife, Amy, had graduated from the same college, they decided to go back to their hometown of Las Cruces, New Mexico, near the Mexican border. Kent?s father knew the president of Broadway, which enabled Kent to get a job in its marking department. Broadway is a medium-size company with about five hundred employees, making it one of the largest employers in Las Cruces, Broadway develops, manufactures, and markets video arcade games.
Within the video arcade industry, competition is fierce. Games typically have a life cycle of only eighteen to twenty-four months. One of the key strategies in the industry is proving unique, visually stimulating games by using color graphic technology, fast action, and participant interaction. The target markets for Broadway?s video products are children aged 5 to 12 and teenagers aged 13 to 19. Males constitute 75 percent of the market.
When Kent first started with Broadway, his task was to conduct market research on the types of games that players desired. Is research showed that the market wanted more action (violence), quicker graphics, multiple levels of difficulty, and sound. Further research showed that certain tones and types of sound were mare pleasing than others. As part of his research, Kent also observed people in video arcades, where he found that many became hypnotized by a game and would quickly put in quarters when told to do so. Research suggested that many target consumers exhibited the same symptoms as compulsive gamblers. Kent?s research results were very well received by the company, which developed several new games using his information. The new games were instant hits with the market.
In his continuing research, Kent had found that the consumer?s level of intensity increased as the game?s intensity level increased. Several reports later, Kent suggested that target consumers might be willing, at strategic periods in a video game, to insert multiple coins. For example, a player who wanted to move to a higher level of difficulty would have to insert two coins; to play the final level, three coins would have to be inserted. When the idea was test, Kent found it did increase game productivity.
Kent had also noticed that the video games that gave positive reinforcements to the customer, such as audio cues, were played much more frequently than others. He reported his findings to Brad, Broadways president, who asked Kent to apply the information to the development of new games. Kent suggested having the machines give candy to the game players when they attained specific goals. For the teen market the company modified the idea: The machines would give back coins at certain levels during the game. Players could then use the coins at strategic level to play a ?slot-type? chance opening of the next level. By inserting and element of chance these games generated more coin input than output, and game productivity increased dramatically. These innovations were quite successful giving Broadway a larger share of the market and Kent a promotion to product manager.
Kent?s newest assignment was the Lucky game- as fast action scenario in which the goal was to destroy the enemy before being destroyed. Kent expanded on the slot-type game for the older market, with two additions. First, the game employed virtual reality technology which gives the player the sensation of actually being in the game. Second, keeping in mind that most of teenage consumers were male, Kent incorporated a female character who, at each level, removed a piece of her clothing and taunted the player. A win at the highest level left her nude. Test market results suggested that the two additions increased profitability per game dramatically. Several weeks later, Brad asked about Lucky project. ?I think we?ve got a problem, Brad,? Kent told him. ?Maybe the nudity is a bad idea. Some people will be really upset about it.? Brad was very displeased with Kent?s response.
Word got around fast that the Lucky project had stalled. During dinner with his parents, Kent mentioned the Lucky project, and his dad said something that affected Kent. ?You know, son, the Lucky project will bring in a great deal of revenue for Broadway, and jobs are at stake. Some of your coworkers are upset with your stand on this project. I?m not telling you what to do, but there?s more at stake here than just a video game.?
The next day Kent had a meeting with Brad about Lucky. ?Well,? Brad asked, ?what have u decided??
Kent answered, ?I don?t think we should go with the nudity idea.?
Brad answered, ?You know, Kent, your right. The U.S. market isn?t ready to see full nudity and graphic violence in arcades in their local malls. That?s why I?ve contacted and Internet provider who will take our game and put it on the Net as an adult and found that we can sell the machines to the Mexican market if we tone down the violence. The Taiwanese joint venture group has Okayed the version we have now, but they would like you to develop something that is more graphic in both areas. You see, they already have similar versions of this type of game now. I see the Internet market as secondary because we can?t get the virtual reality equipment and software into an Internet mode. Maybe when PCs get faster, we?ll be able to tap into it at that level, but not now. So, Kent, do you understand what you need to be doing on Lucky??

This is a Group assignment and my contribution is to write about:Kantian Ethical Analysis.
1.It requires Introduction and brief explanation of Kantian ethics.
2.See Cavico and Mujtaba Business Ethics text chapter 8 for discussion of Kantian ethics ( this is the book we're using).
3.Statement of Kant's Ethics Principle- The Categorical Imperative.
4. Application of the Three Tests of the Categorical Imperative to topic ( Universal "Law" Test: Kingdom of ends Test: Agent-Receiver Test)
5. Kantian Moral Conclusion.
In addition i need to select an additional third ethical theory for analysis... which i've selected to be....an Ethical analysis of The Pollution Credit Plan. I need to do The Moral Conclusion pursuant to additional third ethical theory, and Overall Conclusion to Ethics section as a whole (and transition to Social Responsibility section).. Please note that this project is about BP Oil Spill, but what i noted above is the part i'm responsible for.

Course: MBA
Course title; Law,Ethics & Governance

Specific Topic: Ethical Analysis;Is Commerce Ever Ethical?

Guidelines;

-Summary of the history of ethical thought and the evolution of ethics in business.
-Examples of the application of the major ethical theories to business situations.
-An ethical decision making framework which can be applied to business situations.
-The role of stakeholders in a business their relationships and the organizations responsibility to its stakeholders and society
-Addressing the ethical perspectives of corperate governance,the role of the board of directors,the steps toward implementing a Stakeholders Perspective
-Future of ethics and the impact of global business (cultures,profits,laws etc.)

Current Event Issue I

Please describe an ethical problem or dilemma from the media or personal experience.


Each paper must be formatted according to the evaluation method used and each step must be a major heading in the paper.

An example using the Spinello model for major headings in a paper might be:

1. Summary of the issue or event
2. Basic ethical and legal issues
3. First impressions
4. Formal guidelines
5. Analysis
6. Single or competing
7. Normative conclusion
8. Public-policy implications
9. Normative conclusions



Richard Spinello provides a similar seven-step process for ethical analysis designed specifically for IT professionals, and it is geared toward development of public policy and law. His sixth step entails adding an original normative conclusion: what should happen? His seventh step includes the questions: "What are the public-policy implications of this case and your normative recommendations? Should the recommended behavior be prescribed through policies and laws?" This approach can be useful for IT organizations seeking to better structure and define policies and procedures (Spinello, 1997, p. 45).

Here are all Seven-Steps:

1. Identify and formulate the basic ethical issues in each case. Also, consider legal issues and whether ethical and legal issues are in conflict.
2. What are your first impressions, your moral intuition about the problem?
3. Consult appropriate formal guidelines, the ethical and/or professional codes.
4. Analyze the issues from the viewpoint of one or more of the three ethical frameworks.
5. Do the theories lead to a single solution, or do they offer competing alternatives? If competing, which principle or avenue of reasoning should take precedence?
6. What is your normative conclusionwhat should happen?
7. What are the public-policy implications of this case and your normative recommendations? Should the recommended behavior be prescribed through policies and laws?

Final Case Study - The Ethical Entity

You are a junior employee of a major management-consulting firm. A large energy company intent on avoiding the ethical pitfalls recently evident with so many corporations has awarded your firm a consulting contract. One of the things your firm agreed to do is to provide a "best of class" analysis for your new client to review.

You have been asked to identify an organization that is ethically exemplary and provide a brief (5 page) ethical analysis supporting this thesis. You have latitude in that this organization may be either a for-profit corporation or a non-profit organization and it may be in any industry. The key is to provide a convincing argument for an organization that is ?doing it right.?

It is important that you distinguish between the mission of an organization and the ethics of an organization. A charity organization, for instance, may have an exemplary mission but may not be ethical in the way it operates. The organization you identify and promote with your argument must be ethical in operations as well as mission. The mission may be a supportive element, - - but it is not a sufficient element.

Specifically, you are to:

* Briefly identify and describe the organization. What does it do and how well does it do it? (industry, goals, objectives, profitability, competitive rank, etc.)
* Define ethics issues this entity faces and explain why the organization is ?good.? What are the key ethical issues with which this organization deals and what actions and decisions are evidence of ethically exemplary conduct?
* Describe how the organization achieves and maintains a positive ethical position. What are the processes, polices, and organizational structures of this organization that support an ethical orientation? What is the organization?s worldview?
* Relate the organizational approach to traditional ethical theory or justice concepts. What traditional ethical approaches or concepts of justice does this corporation seem to embrace? Or not? What worldview? Give examples.
* Structure your paper as a persuasive argument. Start with a clear introduction and thesis statement. Provide supportive information logically and persuasively in the body of your paper. Conclude the paper with a concise statement of your supported position.

Have fun finding and discussing the ?just right? organization. THIS MUST BE A REAL ORGANIZATION!

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ASSIGNMENT ESSAY
BA 300: Ethical Decision-making in Business

Please select one of the articles that are linked below:

OKeefe, K. (2013). Underage Garment Workers Dodge Rules in Cambodia. Wall Street Journal, December 30: B1.
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB20001424052702303799404579287353595133592

Greenhouse, S. (2013). Low Pay at Weight Watchers Stirs Protest as Stars Rake It In. New York Times, February 26: A1.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/26/business/devoted-to-weight-watchers-but-workers-rebel-against-low-wages.html?_r=0

Martin, A. (2012) On Campus, New Deals with Banks. New York Times, May 31: B1.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/business/on-campus-new-deals-with-banks.html?_r=1

Dinunzio, J. (2012): Wary of Energy Drinks in Adrenaline Sport. New York Times, January 8: SP10.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/08/sports/pro-water-in-snowboarding-culture-heavy-on-energy-drinks.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=drink%20water&st=cse

Banjo, S. (2007). Thwock, Gulp, Kaching! Beer Pong Inspires Inventors. Wall Street Journal, August 29: A1.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118834341517511527.html

Note: If the link to the article you have selected does not work for some reason, please contact the reference desk at Love Library for assistance in getting the article through the Universitys online collection. You may also try to Google the title of the article to see if that brings it up.

Two model answers from previous terms are found on Blackboard in a pdf file marked Assignment Essay/ Model Answers.

Please: (1) identify an ethical question raised by the item and identify a real or imagined person at the subject company that has to resolve the issue. (Your focus should be on the ethical decision-making process that led to a decision that is the focus of the selected item); (2) identify at least two options the real or imagined person at the subject company has to resolve the issue (Note: the decision maker should be a businessman or woman not a government figure, not a consumer, and not the company as a whole. For example, if you choose the Name Blacked Out article, the decision-maker should not be a doctor or an official with the Food and Drug Administration. If you choose the Underage Garment Workers article, the decision-maker should not be a worker in the garment factory. If you choose the On Campus, New Deals with Banks article, the decision-maker should not be a university official or student); (3) discuss how the ethical question should be resolved using one of the following theories: utilitarianism (greatest net benefit for greatest number); or Rawls justice theory (duty to focus on interests of the least advantaged for purpose of obtaining justice); or (Nozicks Rights Theory (absence of fraud and force); or virtue ethics (whether the decision would reflect well on my character based on the values of my professional peers, the values of ethical role models, and if the decision appeared in the press); or objectivism (a rationally selfish decision that results neither in sacrificing myself to others nor others to myself); or the ethic of care (focus on actions that preserve the web of relationships close to the decision-maker)). You should state a bottom line resolution to the question you address.

You are strongly encouraged to review the video segments in Block 3 and the video segment on virtue ethics in Block 4 so that you have some understanding of all of the possible approaches to addressing the ethical dilemma on which you choose to focus.

The most important part of the essay is the solid application of the ethical principle to the facts as you have presented them. Creativity in presenting your ideas in the essay, however, such as the incorporation of believable fictional characters in the context of the situation raised in the item, or describing the imagined ethical analysis of a real person in the item, also will be rewarded. No further reading on the item you select is required. Also, you need not resolve the ethical question you select (some of the articles present more than one ethical question, but your essay should focus on only one) in the same way as the decision-maker featured in the article.

Please type the essay single-spaced. The essay should be no longer than 350 words. That is plenty of words, give or take 75 or so words, to complete this assignment properly.

In that regard, please do not begin the essay with an introductory paragraph summarizing the article or the points you are about to make in the essay. No matter how long or short such an introductory paragraph may be, it will be a waste of words. I have read all of the articles and, since I will be the only one reading the essay, you may assume knowledge of the article and the topic.

There is no one right format for the essay, but those essays that have earned the highest score in the past generally have fallen into one of three formats: (1) a narrative with dialogue among participants in the decision-making process (the format you chose, which is fine); (2) a skit; (3) an interior monologue where the decision-maker in effect carries on a conversation with himself or herself about the ethical implications of a decision dialogue facing him or her. Each of these formats lends itself to getting inside the head of the decision-maker as the decision-making process is unfolding and that is what I really want.


Before submitting the essay, please review the checklist on the following page to ensure that you have hit all of the requirements for the essay.

ASSIGNMENT ESSAY CHECKLIST
BA 300: Ethical Decision-making in Business
.Please review this before turning in your essay. It is designed to ensure that you have followed the instructions. You should be able to answer all of these questions yes before submitting the essay to me in final. Each of these points is important.

Have I submitted the essay so that Dan Eaton has received it by e-mail no later than February 20 at 5:00 p.m.?
Is the essay single-spaced?
Have I put my name on the essay?
Have I made sure that my essay does not substantially exceed the 350-word limit (up to around 75 words over is OK)?
Have I re-watched the video segments in Block 2 and watched the video segments in Block 3 and the virtue ethics segment in Block 4 before deciding which ethical decision-making approach to apply to the ethical question I have identified?
Have I launched right into the ethical question and analysis and resisted the temptation to include an introductory paragraph summarizing or introducing the topic of the selected article?

Model Essay
Link to article:

Bernstein, N. (2011): Getting Tough on Immigrants To Turn a Profit. New York Times, September 29: A1.
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/29/world/asia/getting-tough-on-immigrants-to-turn-a-profit.html?scp=1&sq=Getting%20Tough%20on%20Immigrants&st=cse

[Note: Please do not include the link to the article on which you base the paper you will submit. It is included here only for your reference.]

His gaze leaped impatiently from his Rolex to the window and the grey London cityscape below. Nick Buckles, CEO of G4S, has a busy day ahead.

Ah. Grahame; Debbie ??" please, come sit he said to his arriving guests: Grahame Gibson, COO of new markets, and Debbie McGrath, communications director.

Nick doesnt waste any time: Debbie, lets hear it.

Nick, its this Victoria contract. I cant support it. I wouldnt be able to look my daughter in the eye again ??" let alone sleep at night ??" if I did. We have standards, Nick, and right now were completely missing the mark. After our last death, the public is increasingly wary of us, as are the courts and legislatures of our largest clients, our brand image is in the toilet, and the international press is circling like a shark in the water. I think we should stop bidding our transport services altogether until we can thoroughly investigate the practice and provide sensitivity training for our guards. Weve messed u. And now its our imperative to do the right thing and prevent this from ever happening again.

Grahame interrupts: Nick, while I appreciate the tenacity with which Miss McGrath tends to our public perception, shes left out some key information, not the least of which is the fact that we havent killed anybody. We transport hundreds of thousands of people each year; sometimes people just die. In cases where we might have some culpability, weve complied with the authorities and weve paid their fines; we are operating within their rules. And lets not forget they hire us, we dont hold a gun to their head. Im in agreement that we need to investigate and, sure, even provide sensitivity training, but there just isnt enough time to do that before the Victoria deadline next month.

Nick is quiet a moment, queries his Rolex again, and then exhales deeply. Debbie, were going to take the contract in Victoria, and heres why: it is true weve made some mistakes in the past, but at the end of the day ??" like Grahame said ??" weve successfully transported nearly all of our inmates. We complete that task more efficiently than can the governments we serve and we save them and their taxpayers money. In addition to that, this no-bid contract is easy profit. By taking it, we not only provide a much needed service to the state of Victoria, but we also make our shareholders forty-five million pounds richer. There will always be a few casualties of war ??" which we will try to prevent ??" but the net sum of this contract benefits practically everyone else.

1)Prepare a personal reflection paper of approximately 500 words on one of the two Case Studies from Chapters 10: The Clear Skies Initiative (page 180) or Problems and Contradictions in the Dam Complex (page 188).
In developing this personal reflection paper, give due consideration to the ethical analysis provided by the author and also correlate and express these concepts with your individual positions on the specific selected issue.

Part 2: The two case Studies in Chapter 10 are "green" issues - politically powerful in national elections. Who can argue against clean and efficient energy standards for our future? Having read and synthesized your selected case study, it is now possible to discuss your concept
There are faxes for this order.

Case Study requirements:

10 pages
Word format
APA style, 1 inch margins
Use at least 4 references to supplement the information in the case or support your recommendations.


The format for the case analysis report is:

Case Details:
Describe in detail the illegal/unethical behavior you will be analyzing in your case analysis.

Background:
Identify the key stakeholders in the case and the impact of operational/ethical issues on the stakeholders.

Legal analysis:
Depending on the situation in the case, summarize the key legal issues related to federal employment or federal consumer protection law and in what way the company is non-compliant with the law. What factors do you think have contributed to the company be non-compliant.

Ethical analysis:
Summarize the key ethical issues in the situation. Apply at least three of the ethical perspectives (theories of ethical thought see below) and for each perspective, give your opinion as to what aspects of the situation (actions by any stakeholder) demonstrate ethically sound behavior and which illustrate unethical behavior.

Contributing factors: corporate culture and corporate governance/guidelines.
Analyze how the companys corporate culture that may have either helped to minimize the unethical behavior or actually contributed to/caused the unethical behavior. Analyze how the companys corporate governance (overall guidelines, strategic decisions/actions) may have helped to minimize the unethical behavior or actually contributed to/caused the unethical behavior.

Ethical decision factors to consider:
Based on the ethical perspectives (theories of ethical thought, see below), what are the key factors that should be addressed or considered in resolving the legal/ethical issues identified in this case (as outlined above). List each ethical issue and then for each issue, the factors to be addressed or considered based on the ethical perspectives used above.

Recommended corrective action:
Recommend corrective actions for each of the legal/ethical issues outlined above. Provide supporting rationale for each recommendations or industry examples of the use of your recommendations as best practices.

Recommend approaches or policies that the company can take to help prevent these issues in the future. Provide supporting rationale for each recommendations or industry examples of the use of your recommendations as best practices.

Reference List: minimum of 4 references. References can be used for the following:
to show best practices from organizations for preventive or corrective actions related to ethical issues
examples of similar incidents in the same/other industries, to illustrate factors contributing to the unethical behavior
examples of common concerns expressed by the stakeholders you identified in the cases

* reference material (law, research articles, government data) to explain why the actions in the case are not in compliance, or what the compliance requirements are



Theories of Ethical Thought

1. Consequential Theories - Acts are judged good or bad based on whether the acts have achieved their desired results. Acts of the business community or any other social unit i.e. government, school, (fraternity, and sorority). Act and rule utilitarianisms are two sub-schools.

2. Deontological Theories - Actions can be judged good or bad based on rules and principles that are applied universally.

3. Humanist Theories - Action are evaluated as good or bad depending on whether they contribute to improving inherent human capacities such as intelligence, wisdom and self-restraint.




Case:

Exxon Valdez

On Good Friday, March 24, 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez was run aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. On March 24, 1989, Joseph Hazelwood was in command of the Exxon Valdez. Defendant Exxon Shipping [Company] owned the Exxon Valdez. Exxon employed Captain Hazelwood, and kept him employed knowing that he had an alcohol problem. The captain had supposedly been rehabilitated, but Exxon knew better before March 24, 1989. Hazelwood had sought treatment for alcohol abuse in 1985 but had "fallen off the wagon" by the spring of 1986. Yet, Exxon continued to allow Hazelwood to command a supertanker carrying a hazardous cargo. Because Exxon did nothing despite its knowledge that Hazelwood was once again drinking, Captain Hazelwood was the person in charge of a vessel as long as three football fields and carrying 53 million gallons of crude oil. The best available estimate of the crude oil lost from the Exxon Valdez into Prince William Sound is about 11 million gallons. Commercial fisheries throughout this area were totally disrupted, with entire fisheries being closed for the 1989 season. Subsistence fishing by residents of Prince William Sound and Lower Cook Inlet villages was also disrupted. Shore-based businesses dependent upon the fishing industry were also disrupted as were the resources of cities such as Cordova. Exxon undertook a massive cleanup effort. Approximately $2.1 billion was ultimately spent in efforts to remove the spilled crude oil from the waters and beaches of Prince William Sound, Lower Cook Inlet, and Kodiak Island. Also, Exxon undertook a voluntary claims program, ultimately paying out $303 million, principally to fishermen whose livelihood was disrupted. [Lawsuits] (Involving thousands of plaintiffs) were ultimately consolidated into this case. The jury awarded a breathtaking $5 billion in punitive damages against Exxon. Exxon appealed the amount of punitive damages [to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]. [T]he Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in this case reiterated the guideposts for use in determining whether punitive damages are grossly excessive [include] the reprehensibility of the defendant's conduct. The court of appeals remanded the case [and] unequivocally told this court that "[t]he $5 billion punitive damages award is too high" and" [i] t must be reduced."

Justice Holland
[T]he reprehensibility of the defendant's conduct is the most important indicium [indication] of the reasonableness of a punitive damages award. In determining whether a defendant's conduct is reprehensible, the court considers whether "The harm caused was physical as opposed to economic; the tortious conduct evinced an indifference to or a reckless disregard of the health or safety of others; the target of the conduct had financial vulnerability; the conduct involved repeated actions or was an isolated incident; and the harm was the result of intentional malice, trickery, or deceit, or mere accident."
The reprehensibility of a party's conduct, like truth and beauty, is subjective. One's view of the quality of an actor's conduct is the result of complex value judgments. The evaluation of a victim will vary considerably from that of a person not affected by an incident. Courts employ disinterested, unaffected lay jurors in the first instance to appraise the reprehensibility of a defendant's conduct. Here, the jury heard about what Exxon knew, and what its officers did and what they failed to do. Knowing what Exxon knew and did through its officers, the jury concluded that Exxon's conduct was highly reprehensible.
Punitive damages should reflect the enormity of the defendant's offense. Exxon's conduct did not simply cause economic harm to the plaintiffs. Exxon's decision to leave Captain Hazelwood in command of the Exxon Valdez demonstrated reckless disregard for a broad range of legitimate Alaska concerns: the livelihood, health, and safety of the residents of Prince William Sound, the crew of the Exxon Valdez, and others. Exxon's conduct targeted some financially vulnerable individuals, namely subsistence fishermen. Plaintiffs' harm was not the result of an isolated incident but was the result of Exxon's repeated decisions, over a period of approximately three years, to allow Captain Hazelwood to remain in command despite Exxon's knowledge thathe was drinking and driving again. Exxon's bad conduct as to Captain Hazelwood and his operating of the Exxon Valdez was intentionally malicious. [Emphasis added.]
Exxon's conduct was many degrees of magnitude more egregious [flagrant] [than defendant's conduct in other cases]. For approximately three years, Exxon management, with knowledge that Captain Hazelwood had fallen off the wagon, willfully permitted him to operate a fully loaded crude oil tanker in and out of Prince William Sound-a body of water which Exxon knew to be highly valuable for its fisheries resources. Exxon's argument that its conduct in permitting a relapsed alcoholic to operate an oil tanker should be characterized as less reprehensible than [in other cases] suggests that Exxon, even today, has not come to grips with the opprobrium [disgracefulness] which society rightly attaches to drunk driving. Based on the foregoing, the court finds Exxon's conduct highly reprehensible.
[T]he court reduces the punitive damages award to $4.5 billion as the means of resolving the conflict between its conclusion and the directions of the court of appeals. [T]here is no just reason to delay entry of a final judgment in this case. The Court's judgment as to the $4.5 billion punitive damages award is deemed final.

The essay is due on Friday 23 Nov 2012, No extensions are allowed.

Please follow the guidelines bellow carefully and I will be sending an old essay that I previously ordered from EssayTown abut Bill Gates level 5 leader. Please take out only the useful parts from it to use in the new essay that you will be composing if needed.


Introduction
An introductory paragraph (or two) that grabs the readers attention, makes the reader want to continue reading, and gives the reader some idea of what the paper is about. The main idea of the paper does not have to be stated in the opening sentence or even in the opening paragraph, but it should be clear before the end of the essay. What is important is that the reader has a sense of the writers direction throughout the essay and that each paragraph should flow logically into the next.

Literature Review
Here, you will give a brief biography of the leader, including only qualities that would contribute to a portrait of the individual as a business leader. This section of the essay will introduce the business leader and his or her qualities and demonstrate your ability to integrate the sources that you have consulted. This section should be one page.

Ethical Analysis
In this section, you will pick up the qualities introduced in the first section and evaluate the ethical/non-ethical practices of this individual as a leader. This section should focus on one or more specific ethics theories that you have studied in this course. One way to accomplish this is to briefly describe a given theory (2-3 sentences) and then explain how the leader reflects the theory or not, using specific details from his or her business biography and character traits as reflected by his or her business practices. This section should be approximately two pages per the assignment sheet.


Situation Test
The last section, you will take on the role of consultant. Using the information already given in the analysis section you will determine how the business leader would perform in the following situation:
The economic crisis has severely affected your companys performance and it seems that you will have to lay off about one-fifth of your workforce if everything stays as is. There is one option, though. A well-known billionaire has signaled that he wants to invest in your company and ensure process renewals, guaranteed new markets for your products, as well as job security for your entire workforce for the coming five years. The problem is that this billionaire has a reputation. He has been involved in insider trading and creative accounting issues. His involvement was never proven and someone else in his company took the fall for all the questionable actions. This billionaire has also been labeled as homophobic. Yet, the rumors are now about 10 years old, and he may (or may not) have changed. How will you handle this situation?

In order to provide a thorough consultation, you must provide ample/specific support/explaining for your advice and recommendation for the leader. There is no need to summarize the situation in your essay. Assume that the reader already knows what it is. This section should be one and a half pages.

Conclusion
Although not required for this assignment, it is always a great idea to conclude your document by drawing all of your main ideas together. Your conclusion does not have to be lengthy, but it should include a summative account of the main points covered in your essay.



There are faxes for this order.

This research paper must comply with APA 6th edition. It must uses scholarly journals as well as business and government sources. It must follow the following format:
1- Abstract (must include a brief summary of paper)
2- Table of Contents ( must include the following)
A. Introduction (must contain the following)
1. Purpose of Paper
3 value analysis of law, ethics, and social responsibility
Controversial topic regarding hours of service and companies finding ways around it.
Significance of topic-potential safety rewards or concerns, economic considerations and application of the regulation and any legal battles such as (big brother watching every move you make) etc.
B. Legal Section
1. Introduce the legal section (Federal Motor Carrier Regs and applicable laws that afford constant watch of the trucking industry.
2. Statement of the relevant legal principles and rules of law.
3. Application of law to topic and legal analysis
4. Legal conclusion (transition into the ethics section)
C. Ethics section
1. Must include an Utilitarian ethical analysis
a. brief intro about ethics as a branch of philosophy - and a brief explanation of the the utilitarian theory(include quotes from its most important advocates)
b. Use the Utilitarian analysis of pleasure and pain and apply a numeric value to the stakeholders that the regulations speak to. (trucking companies, general public, shareholders, government ect.)
c. Come up with a Moral conclusion based on the utilitarian model
2. Must include a Kantian Ethical Analysis
a. Brief intro and explanation of Kantian ethics.
b. Statement of Kant's ethics principle -The Categorical Imperative
c. Application of the 3 test of the categorical imperative (Universal Law test, Kingdom of End Test, Agent-receiver test.)
d. Kantian moral conclusion
3. Must include an ethical egoist analysis
a. Briefly explain what ethical egoism is and what are some of its major principles.
b. Apply this principle to the topic at hand (how and why would drivers choose to break the hours of service regulations, economic concerns and what about the companies turning the other way when their drives do not follow the regs. etc)
c. Moral conclusion based on ethical egoism and a final conclusion to the Ethics portion of the research paper and transition into the social responsibility section.
D. Social Responsibility Section
1. brief intro into social responsibility
a. define it using formulation of definitional-principle
b. Apply this definition to the companies at hand and see how they compare as well as to the topic matter at hand.
c. Social Responsibility recommendations and conclusion
E. Conclusion of paper
1. Restatement of the 3 value conclusion (law, morality and social responsibility)
2. Overall conclusion, personal opinions, recommendations and predictions.
References

It is important to use the 3 value system throughout the entire paper (law, morality, and social responsibility)
while applying the different ethical principles and addressing the trucking companies fore-mentioned (Swift Transportation and Werner Enterprise)

Case Analysis Report on Microsoft: Antitrust Battles

Background:
Identify the key stakeholders in the case Microsoft: Antitrust Battles, and the impact of operational/ethical issues on the stakeholders.

Legal analysis:
Depending on the situation in the case, summarize the key legal issues related to federal employment of federal consumer protection law and in what way the company is non-compliant with the law. What factors do you think have contributed to the company to be non-compliant?

Ethical analysis:
Summarize the key ethical issues in the situation. Apply at least three of the ethical perspectives (The Utilitarian Perspective, The Rights Perspective, The Fairness (or Justice Perspective), The Common Good Perspective, and The Virtue Perspective) and for each perspective, give your opinion as to what aspect of the situation (action by any stakeholder) demonstrate ethically sound behavior and which illustrate unethical behavior.

Contributing factors: corporate culture and corporate governance/guidelines.
Analyze how the companys corporate culture may have either helped to minimize the unethical behavior or actually contributed to/caused the unethical behavior. Analyze how the companys corporate governance (overall guidelines, strategic decisions/actions) may have helped to minimize the unethical behavior or actually contributed to/caused the unethical behavior.

Ethical decision factors to consider:
Based on the ethical perspectives (as outlined above), what are the key factors that should be addressed or considered in resolving the legal/ethical issues identified in this case (as outlined above). List each ethical issue and then for each issue, address the factors to be addressed or considered based on the ethical perspectives used above.

Recommended corrective action:
Recommend corrective actions for each of the legal/ethical issues outlined above. Provide supporting rationale for each recommendations or industry examples of the use of your recommendation as best practices.

Recommend approaches or policies that the company can take to help prevent these issues in the future. Provide supporting rationale for each recommendations or industry examples of the use of your recommendations as best practices

Paper must include at least three book references.

topic: global warming
course subject environmental ethics...
Use below for following guide of this essay paper..

The paper should include personal thoughts and global ethical analysis.

2. The paper must:
b. Include an explanation of why the issue is important to you.
c. Explain how your thinking changed or developed on the subject.
d. Consider one of the environmental philosophers discussed in class.
e. The paper should be concise; 3 to 4 pages.
3. The paper will emphasize systematic reasoning to think through a problem. It should go beyond the simple use of class models, DISORDER, ADAPT & DEAL.
4. The paper should draw a conclusion based on strategies needed to understand the problem.
5. The paper should focus on ways to think about the problem in the future.
Evaluation Criteria:
a. Discussion of the relationship between reasoning, outcome and fairness.
d. Conclusions drawn with respect to ways to reason about the problem.

(Title) BANKING FEES IN THE US

Term Paper Format, Outline, (including Utilitarian Ethical Model) and Grading
Rubric:
5015 Term Paper
Official Huizenga School Cover Page (with author certification statement(s))
Title to Paper: Integrating Values - The Legality, Morality, and Social
Responsibility of ____________
Table of Contents
I. Introduction (5% of paper grade)
A. Purposes of Paper
? Analytical paper - ?3 value? analysis of law, ethics, and social
responsibility
? Current, controversial, and narrowly focused topic involving business
directly or indirectly
? Significance of topic
8
B. Background Information regarding topic
II. Legal Section (20% of paper grade)
A. Introduction to Legal Section
B. Statement of Relevant Legal Principles and Rules of Law
C. Application of Law to Topic and Legal Analysis
D. Legal Conclusion (and transition to Ethics Section)
III. Ethics Section (40% of paper grade as set forth below)
A. Utilitarian Ethical Analysis (20% of paper grade)
? Introduction (brief) to ethics as a branch of philosophy
? Introduction and brief explanation of Utilitarian theory
? See Cavico and Mujtaba Business Ethics text Chapter 7 for discussion of
Utilitarianism
? Stakeholder, pleasure v. pain, numerical model of Utilitarianism -
Utilitarian analysis as per required model (See required Utilitarian
model below)
? Moral conclusion pursuant to Utilitarian model
B. Kantian Ethical Analysis (10% of paper grade)
? Introduction and brief explanation of Kantian ethics
? See Cavico and Mujtaba Business Ethics text Chapter 8 for discussion
of Kantian ethics
? Statement of Kant?s Ethics Principle ? The Categorical Imperative
? Application of the Three Tests of the Categorical Imperative to topic
(Universal ?Law? Test; Kingdom of Ends Test; Agent-Receiver Test)
? Kantian Moral Conclusion
C. Additional Ethical Analysis (10% of paper grade)
? Selection by student(s) of additional third ethical theory for analysis
? See Cavico and Mujtaba Business Ethics text Part I for suggested ethical
theories
? Statement of ethical theory and key ethical principles
? Application of ethical theory and principles to topic and ethical analysis
? Moral Conclusion pursuant to additional third ethical theory
? Overall Conclusion to Ethics section as a whole (and transition to Social
Responsibility section)
IV. Social Responsibility Section (20% of paper grade)
A. Introduction to Social Responsibility section
B. Definition of term ?Social Responsibility? and formulation of definitionalprinciple
9
C. Application of Social Responsibility definitional-principle to topic
D. Social Responsibility recommendations
E. Social Responsibility Conclusion
V. Conclusion (5% of paper grade)
A. Restatement of Major ?3 Value? Conclusions
B. Overall Conclusions, Personal Opinions, Recommendations, and Predictions
Bibliography (5% of paper grade)
? Research sources (six minimum; current; primary sources or ?strong?
secondary)
? APA style for sources and citations
Style (5% of paper grade)
? Consistency of style among sections
? Grammar, spelling, and punctuation
? Lucidity and ?flow? of writing
? Integration of paper
.
The Utilitarian Ethical Model
In order to determine the morality of an action, practice, rule, or law pursuant to the
stakeholder, pleasure v. pain, numerical model of the ethical theory of Utilitarianism:
1. Accurately and narrowly state the action to be evaluated (e.g., Is it moral
for a particular company or organization to...?);
2. Identify all people and groups who are directly and indirectly affected by
the action (including the company's or organization?s constituent groups or
"stakeholders" as well as society as a whole);
3. Specify for each stakeholder group directly and indirectly affected all the
reasonably foreseeable good - pleasurable and bad - painful consequences
of the action, as far as into the future as appears appropriate, and consider
the various predictable outcomes, good and bad, and the likelihood of their
occurring;
4. For each stakeholder group, including society as a whole, measure and
weigh the total good consequences against the bad consequences, and
determine which predominates for each stakeholder group;
5. Quantify the good and bad consequences for each stakeholder group on a
numerical scale (-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0 +1, +2, +3, +4, +5) representing units
and extremes of pleasure and pain;
6. Sum up all the good and bad consequences assigned to the stakeholder
groups;
7. If the action results in an overall positive number, it produces more good
than bad, and is a morally right action; and if the action results in an
10
overall negative number, it produces more bad than good, and is morally
wrong; based on this model of the Utilitarian ethical theory.
Bibliography for Utilitarian model: Cavico, Frank J. and Mujtaba, B.G. (2010).
Business Ethics: The Moral Foundation of Effective Leadership, Management, and
Entrepreneurship (Second Edition). Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Custom Publishing.

The case that you use can be one of your own choosing or I will assign one to you. The key here is to find a company that is in violation of federal consumer protection law. The recall of said product. Baby and car would be two in which you can write about.


The case analysis report will address the key issues in the assigned/chosen case and provide recommendations on actions the firm should take from both legal and ethical perspectives. The report needs to be a minimum of 10 pages, double- spaced, APA compliant and use at least 4 references to supplement the information in the case or support your recommendations. The format for the case analysis report is:

Background:
Identify the key stakeholders in the case and the impact of operational/ethical issues on the stakeholders.

Legal analysis:
Depending on the situation in the case, summarize the key legal issues related to federal employment or federal consumer protection law and in what way the company is non-compliant with the law. What factors do you think have contributed to the company be non-compliant.

Ethical analysis:
Summarize the key ethical issues in the situation. Apply at least three of the ethical perspectives (theories of ethical thought presented in the course) and for each perspective, give your opinion as to what aspects of the situation (actions by any stakeholder) demonstrate ethically sound behavior and which illustrate unethical behavior.

Contributing factors: corporate culture and corporate governance/guidelines.
Analyze how the companys corporate culture that may have helped to minimize the unethical behavior or actually contributed to/caused the unethical behavior. Analyze how the companys corporate governance (overall guidelines, strategic decisions/actions) may have helped to minimize the unethical behavior or actually contributed to/caused the unethical behavior.

Ethical decision factors to consider:
Based on the ethical perspectives (theories of ethical thought presented in the course), what are the key factors that should be addressed or considered in resolving the legal/ethical issues identified in this case (as outlined above). List each ethical issue and then for each issue, the factors to be addressed or considered based on the ethical perspectives used above.

Recommended corrective action:
Recommend corrective actions for each of the legal/ethical issues outlined above. Provide supporting rationale for each recommendations or industry examples of the use of your recommendations as best practices.
Recommend approaches or policies that the company can take to help prevent these issues in the future. Provide supporting rationale for each recommendations or industry examples of the use of your recommendations as best practices.

Reference List: minimum of 4 references. References can be used for the following:
o to show best practices from organizations for preventive or corrective actions related to ethical issues
o examples of similar incidents in the same/other industries, to illustrate factors contributing to the unethical behavior
o examples of common concerns expressed by the stakeholders you identified in the cases
o reference material (law, research articles, government data) to explain why the actions in the case are not in compliance, or what the compliance requirements are.
o identify the main source of information on the company about whom you are writing

This is a Case Study of "Tiger Woods" It will contain 10 distinct sections to be separated by the appropriate subtitles,written in narrative style through out (except for Ethical Issues Section-- explain in Case study outline). Paper will include: Thesis Statement,Fact Summary (minimum 300 words) of one specific current event. Using nuetral and unbiased language.fact include specific information about the event, i.e. Specific date(s) name(s) location(s) behavior(s) etc.Information from news media and professional published literature(nonfiction) that can be referenced.Include 3 references using APA style, In fact section demonstrae your reliance on objective sources. 5 inline citations of the case study. A statement of the main Ethical Issues (at least 5 issues) Bullet point each issue using a single sentence phrase as a specific question.Ethical questions are value questions, they asks things like 'should' and 'ought'. hey focus on 'rights' and rsponsibilities matter of justice and fairness.Your Position or (Position 1) with supporting arguments. citations from new media or professional literature to back up claim(300 words). Opposing aruguments (300 words)well developed arguments.Ethical Analysis #1(300 words) Virtue ethicist response such as Aristotle OR Hobbes to this event, What would be the greatest strength or greatest weakness of this perspective? Ethical Analysis #2(Duty Ethics Analysis) (300 words). Same questions as Analysis #1.How would Kant,or duty ethicist respond.(300 words) Ethical Analysis #3(Utilitarian Analysis) 300 words. How would Mill or Utilitarian respond (300 words), Concluding remarks, 5 professional references list APA style.

Focus of the Reflective Paper (BUSINESS ETHICS: CONCEPTS & CASES,Sixth Edition, Manuel G. Velasquez)


This paper should begin with an analysis and evaluation of your values and ethics and then an analysis and evaluation pertaining to ethics in the organization for which you work (or in the absence of a current employer an important organization of which you are a part or a past employer). As a part of your evaluation, relate your organizations ethics to combinations of the theories and concepts learned in this course.


Include in your Reflective Paper a discussion of the following:

1. Your personal values, personal vision/mission statement and a personal code of ethics to guide you as a manager or future manager.
2. Your organizations workplace values, culture/climate, vision/mission statement and code of ethics. (If any of these are not published, interpret them from organizational policies, observations and experiences therein, and examples of the organizational climate and/or operational practices.)
3. Your organizations social responsibilities and your appraisal of whether and how effectively it meets those responsibilities.
4. Your organizations ethical analysis and training programs, and an evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses
5. The moral philosophy(ies) and ethical principle(s) in your organization that you affirm most and least. Give specific, detailed examples of circumstances and contexts

Relate all of these in a meaningful way to the most important concepts you learned throughout this course. Next, reflecting upon the judgments you have made, project how you would want to change the organizational culture/climate if you became the leader of your organization. Finally, present a plan for how you would go about implementing such change. In developing your plan, try to apply in an integrative and coherent manner everything of true significance related to such planning that you learned in this course and then think about/report specific scenarios that you would expect to result.

Writing the Reflective Paper

The Reflective Paper:

* Must be eight double-spaced pages in length and formatted according to APA style as outlined in your approved style guide.
* Must include a cover page that includes:
o Students name (Tina Wilson)
o Course name and number (PHI 445:Personal & Organizational Ethics)
o Name of paper (left to writer's discretion)
o Instructors name
o Date submitted
* Must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis statement.
* Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
* Must conclude with a restatement of the thesis and a conclusion paragraph.
* Must use APA style as outlined in your approved style guide to document all sources.
* Must include, on the final page, a Reference List that is completed according to APA style as outlined in your approved style guide.

All typed in times roman, 12 font, APA style

Case Paper
Write a paper responding to the questions at the end of the case: The Waiter Rule: What Makes for a Good CEO? Feel free to use outside resources and cite references properly (2-page maximum, 12-pt. type, times roman, double-spaced, use APA style).

Current Events Assignment
Find a current article describing an ethical dilemma, focusing on the current economic crisis, and write a 1-page (maximum) summary of the article. As you write this summary, use the ?utilitarianism? approach to ethics. (This may require outside research.)

Module One, Question 1 - 1 page
Reviewing the case "What they don't know won't hurt them" on p. 204, what do you feel should be the response to that situation from an ethical standpoint? Feel free to let one or more of the case-end questions be your guide. (Don't forget, you need to respond at least once (per question) to a fellow student's posting in addition to posting a direct response to the question.)

Module One, Question 2 - 1 page
On p. 212 of your text, Carol Gilligan believes that Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Development do not apply well to women. Why not? Is her theory better suited for women? Discuss. (Don't forget, you need to respond at least once (per question) to a fellow student's posting in addition to posting a direct response to the question.)

Module One, Question 3 - 1 page
Consider the case "Flowers versus Eyes" on p. 214. Pick one of the questions at the end of the case and answer it fully. Try to pick a question that has not been answered fully by your classmates. (Don't forget, you need to respond at least once (per question) to a fellow student's posting in addition to posting a direct response to the question.)

Personal Ethics Quiz (Practical Assignment)
Construct a business issue of an ethical nature, describe the situation, and then describe the way that you or others in your company handled the situation, using the quiz provided in Appendix A to this syllabus. (There will be 3 parts: (1) scenario description, (2) the quiz, and (3) a summary describing how you believe the situation was handled from an ethics standpoint.) (2-page limit (double-spaced) including the quiz, which can be inserted into the paper by cutting & pasting from the syllabus.)
Appendix A
Use the following guide to evaluate ethical situations in the business environment.
8 Question
Ethical Checklist Circle the appropriate answer on the scale; "1" = not at all; "5" = totally yes
1. Relevant Information Test. Have I obtained as much information as possible to make an informed decision and action plan for this situation? 1 2 3 4 5
2. Involvement Test. Have I involved all who have a right to have input and/or to be involved in making this decision and action plan? 1 2 3 4 5
3. Consequential Test. Have I anticipated and attempted to accommodate for the consequences of this decision and action plan on any who are significantly effected by it? 1 2 3 4 5
4. Fairness Test. If I were assigned to take the place of any one of the stakeholders in this situation, would I perceive this decision and action plan to be essentially fair, given all of the circumstances? 1 2 3 4 5
5. Enduring Values Test. Do this decision and action plan uphold my priority enduring values that are relevant to this situation? 1 2 3 4 5
6. Universality Test. Would I want this decision and action plan to become a universal law applicable to all similar situation, even to myself/ourselves? 1 2 3 4 5
7. Light-of-Day Test. How would I feel and be regarded by others (working associates, family, etc.) if the details of this decision and action plan were disclosed for all to know? 1 2 3 4 5
8. Total Ethical Analysis Confidence Score . Place the total of all circled numbers here.
How confident can you be that you have done a good job of practicing personal ethics?



? Textbook
Archie B. Carroll & Ann K. Buchholtz (2012), MBA 5310: Business Ethics, Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. ISBN 1-133-44421-0

Prepare a reaction paper of approximately 1000 words on Chapters 1-2-3 addressing the specific definition of terms found in all three chapters, to wit: moral, ethical, judgement; the strengths and weaknesses of the three ethical analysis methods: Utilitairanism-Kantianism-Pragmatism, and the Core values in American Society.

There are faxes for this order.

I have scanned a case that I want this essay to be written on. Also, I have downloaded information on how to write a phillosophy essay. Please only cite the case that I have downloaded and use the Strategy for understanding, developing and presenting moral arguments!



Choose a professional ethics issue that arises from your chosen case. This should be an issue that you think is interesting and reasonably controversial.[2]
Write an ethical analysis of the case, focusing on the issue you choose by following ?A Strategy for Understanding, Developing, and Presenting Moral Arguments?

This paper should begin with an analysis and evaluation of your values and ethics and then an analysis and evaluation pertaining to ethics in the organization for which you work (or in the absence of a current employer an important organization of which you are a part or a past employer). As a part of your evaluation, relate your organizations ethics to combinations of the theories and concepts learned in this course.

Include in your Reflective Paper a discussion of the following:

1.) Your personal values, personal vision/mission statement and a personal code of ethics to guide you as a manager or future manager.
2.) Your organizations workplace values, culture/climate, vision/mission statement and code of ethics. (If any of these are not published, interpret them from organizational policies, observations and experiences therein, and examples of the organizational climate and/or operational practices.)
3) Your organizations social responsibilities and your appraisal of whether and how effectively it meets those responsibilities.
4.) Your organizations ethical analysis and training programs, and an evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses
5.)The moral philosophy(ies) and ethical principle(s) in your organization that you affirm most and least. Give specific, detailed examples of circumstances and contexts

Relate all of these in a meaningful way to the most important concepts you learned throughout this course. Next, reflecting upon the judgments you have made, project how you would want to change the organizational culture/climate if you became the leader of your organization. Finally, present a plan for how you would go about implementing such change. In developing your plan, try to apply in an integrative and coherent manner everything of true significance related to such planning that you learned in this course and then think about/report specific scenarios that you would expect to result.

Choose one of the following examples relateing to the use of ethical analysis: budgets for family planning programs, restrictions on embryonic stem cells, for medical research, or profiling in airport security screening. As a leader, how would you apply ethical analysis to clarify and administrator policy choices involved in your chosen case?

This is an ethical analysis on The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli using the Tabacco Company as an example. For instance the Tabacco company promote and curb tabacco use simultaneously. These are the following question I need to adress.
1) What do you view as the most useful/critical/repulsive points of Machiavelli from the "book The Prince"? List at least 7 of these.
2) What techniques of Machiavelli has the Tabacco Company employ in their business? How effective were this techniques?
3) Which stakeholders did the Tabacco Comapny choose to placate or satisfy? If one or more groups was alienated, how was the decision to alienate that group reached in the Tabacco Company? Include relevant ethical issues into the analysis.

Five (5) page paper describing about "How social and organizational relationships among individuals and stakeholders affected the management of the Therac-25".



Stakeholder Analysis
I Gather data

1. List the relevant stakeholders. Start with some of the groups mentioned in the socio-technical system page. However, do not end there. Notice that our accident victims, the patients, are not included. Other important groups may also be omitted (e.g. "the public").

2. Outline the duties and rights the stakeholders have toward each other. This is best done with a drawing of each stakeholder with arrows indicating duties one owes to other and rights one has. Duties always have targets, one has duties to a particular person (even to oneself). Rights may appear to be free floating (e.g. not to be harmed) but they can often be translated into duties that others have toward the individual (avoid harming X).

Analyze the data

1. List the relevant opportunities and vulnerabilities that each stakeholder had in the case. This is the beginning of what Collins and Miller call a utilitarian ethical analysis. Who is being helped and harmed? What advantages or opportunities does each party receive in this case? What costs or dangers, or vulnerabilities does each party experience?

2. Determine to what degree each stakeholder's duties were fulfilled or neglected.

3. Determine to what degree each stakeholder's rights were violated or protected, and by whom.

Construct an Alternative Scenario.

1. Construct a promising alternative for some set of actions for a significant actor (e.g. reporting procedures in CMC, FDA procedures, hospital treatment procedures, safety analysis procedures by CMC).

Judge the Alternative

1. Judge the alternative's effect on each stakeholders' opportunities and vulnerabilities and on each stakeholders' duties and rights.

2. Imagine each stakeholder in a negotiation with other stakeholders about whether the alternative should be adopted or not. This certainly helps uncover disagreements about the opportunities and vulnerabilities for each party. One interesting way to stage this negotiation is to have parties that initially represent each stakeholder attempt to don a "veil of ignorance" about which stakeholder they might be when the alternative is adopted. If you might be randomly assigned to any of the stakeholder roles in the case, how would this affect your evaluation of the alternative?

3. Rank the alternative with other alternatives for that set of actions. An alternative does not have to be perfect, or even optimal, to be better than the others.

The basic documents for the case are:

http://computingcases.org/general_tools/sia/socio_tech_system.html

http://computingcases.org/case_materials/therac/supporting_docs/Guide_to_Supporting_Docs.html

http://computingcases.org/case_materials/therac/supporting_docs/therac_case_narr/therac_toc.html

http://computingcases.org/case_materials/therac/analysis/SocioTechnical_Analysis.html]