This paper examines the widely held belief that breakfast is the most important meal of the day, drawing on nutritional and behavioral research focused primarily on children and adolescents. It reviews evidence that regular breakfast consumption improves cognitive performance — particularly attention, memory, and problem-solving — and supports better appetite regulation and energy balance throughout the day. The paper also addresses counterarguments, including studies suggesting that meal composition and eating pattern changes, rather than breakfast itself, drive health outcomes. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the preponderance of evidence supports breakfast as uniquely important for physical energy, hormonal balance, and cognitive function.
It is widely believed that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Children who always eat breakfast are more likely to obtain favorable nutrients — such as carbohydrates and fiber — and less likely to consume excessive cholesterol and fat compared to children who seldom eat breakfast. Consuming breakfast is also linked to improved overall lifestyle, while children who skip breakfast regularly report weaker cardiovascular fitness. These assumptions about the role of breakfast in children's health are grounded in laboratory research.
While the evidence is somewhat mixed, available studies indicate that breakfast improves children's cognitive aptitude and performance, especially in the areas of attention and memory. Further, the positive effect of eating breakfast is more pronounced among undernourished children (Katie Adolphus, Clare L. Lawton, & Louise Dye, 2013).
Research also indicates that skipping breakfast reduces one's ability to solve problems, sustain attention, and retain information in short-term memory. It has additionally been associated with episodic memory difficulties in children. By contrast, eating breakfast consistently leads to improved attention, logical reasoning, and the ability to perform arithmetic and solve problems. Research on confectionery snacks consumed by children further suggests that food consumption may affect children's long-term memory as well (Caroline R. Mahoney, Holly A. Taylor, Robin B. Kanarek, & Priscilla Samuel, 2005).
Skipping breakfast leads to metabolic, compensatory, and hormonal changes in appetite later in the day. Breakfast's nutrient composition may also influence how much energy a person consumes over the course of a day. Protein ranks first among macronutrients in terms of satiety. It has been proposed that protein is even more satiating when consumed at breakfast than when eaten at other mealtimes (William Buosi, David M. Bremner, Graham W. Horgan, Claire L. Fyfe, & Alexandra M. Johnstone, 2015).
The most commonly consumed breakfast foods include various kinds of bread, cereals, and milk. Ready-to-eat cereals account for a significant portion of many people's diets, a pattern explained by their fortification with several nutrients. Children who consume such cereals tend to have a higher overall diet quality.
Research shows that children from disadvantaged households are more likely to skip breakfast than their more economically privileged counterparts. However, economic factors are not the only reason a child might skip breakfast. Other reasons include not feeling hungry in the morning, lack of time, and a desire to lose weight (Heather Harvey, 2005).
Some studies challenge the importance of breakfast and argue that other meals may have a greater impact on a person's health. One possible reason for this line of thinking is the varying composition of breakfast across different households. For instance, children who ate high-energy breakfasts showed improved creativity, mathematical ability, physical endurance, and short-term memory compared to peers who consumed low-energy breakfasts. This difference in outcomes may be attributable to differences in glucose levels, since glucose has been shown to significantly enhance cognition (Caroline R. Mahoney, Holly A. Taylor, Robin B. Kanarek, & Priscilla Samuel, 2005).
Another factor to consider is the likelihood that children who skip breakfast also engage in other unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking, poor diet, and infrequent physical exercise. Those who argue against breakfast being the most important meal suggest that these co-occurring habits — rather than breakfast skipping itself — may be the primary driver of low energy levels.
While the correlation between skipping breakfast and the development of unhealthy habits is not entirely straightforward, science has demonstrated that a person's level of willpower is affected by their energy reserves. Without sufficient glucose — which depends on maintaining a healthy diet that includes breakfast — willpower is depleted, and individuals tend to make poorer decisions. Scientists refer to this phenomenon as ego depletion. Bad habits are often formed through the accumulation of such poor decisions. Therefore, the tendency toward unhealthy habits among breakfast skippers should not be treated as an argument against the importance of breakfast; rather, it is one more reason to encourage children to eat breakfast consistently.
"How eating pattern changes influence weight and satiety"
"Controlled studies on thermogenesis and glycemia"
From the foregoing, it is arguable that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. The impact that breakfast has on a person's wellbeing, energy levels, and hormonal balance throughout the day is considerably greater than that of other meals.
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