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Correlation
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What is Correlation?

Correlation is a statistical concept that measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two or more variables. It appears across a wide range of academic disciplines, including biostatistics, business management, psychology, social sciences, and healthcare. Students encounter it in quantitative research methods courses, economics programs, and science curricula because understanding how variables relate to one another is fundamental to drawing valid conclusions from data. The concept is academically significant because it helps researchers determine whether changes in one variable are associated with changes in another, while also raising important questions about causation, influence, and the limits of statistical inference.

The papers archived on this topic reflect a broad range of approaches and subject areas. Some take a quantitative, data-driven angle, focusing on how to calculate and interpret correlation between variables in research contexts. Others apply the concept to specific fields, such as examining the correlation between liquidity and loan quality in banking, the relationship between male competition and the objectification of women, or the use of information technology in healthcare management. Still others treat correlation as one analytical tool within larger case studies or discussion-based assignments, showing how the concept functions in both formal research and applied professional settings.

A strong essay on correlation begins with a clearly defined research question that identifies the specific variables under examination and the context in which they are being studied. Effective evidence typically includes data interpretation, methodology explanation, and analysis of the dependent variable's behavior across cases. A common pitfall is conflating correlation with causation — a well-argued essay will explicitly acknowledge this distinction and avoid overstating what the statistical relationship actually proves.

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Paper Undergraduate

Cyberbullying perpetrators and general strain theory among youth

Bullying is not a new phenomenon. Yet, today’s teens and children have to deal with an entirely new type of bullying online that is often more persuasive and even more harmful. The effects of cyberbullying are well documented. However, the reasons why so many youths today turn towards bullying each other online are often left of the discourse. In order to have so many victims, it is clear there are also a lot of aggressors. This research aims to explore the reasons behind some children turning to incidences of bullying others. It explores the problem through general strain theory, which essentially suggests that bullies themselves are victims of strain and thus take out their negative aggressions through bullying. Using a self reported survey with a Likert scale, this research aims to add more to the growing body of research suggesting why kids turn to cyberbullying.

Essay Doctorate

Alternative distribution designs for Michigan liquor control

Michigan liquor control commission is the sole wholesaler of liquor in the state of Michigan. This paper answers questions based on the Michigan liquor control commission case study. The paper provides alternative designs that can be used for the distribution of liquor and some of the benefits and risks. The importance if any of the historical conditions currently has also been analyzed. The inherent social conflict that arises from funding educational programs with tax collected from liquor sales has been discussed.

Essay Doctorate

FedEx's competitive position and industry dynamics in logistics

This paper is about managerial economics. It breaks down Fedex's business into things like industry competitiveness and business cycles, then turns to pricing strategy, contribution margin, fixed cost, duopoly pricing and related topics. Ultimately, it is illustrated how effective Fedex's pricing policy is with respect to positioning, margin and switching costs.

Paper Doctorate

Teacher effectiveness and African-American student achievement gaps

In his comprehensive analysis of disproportionate levels of educational achievement among White and African American students, titled “Powerful Pedagogy for African American Students: A Case of Four Teachers,” researcher Tyrone C. Howard examines the role of teacher effectiveness in terms of reaching this distinct student population. As Howard observes in the opening of his article, “effectively teaching African American students continues to be one of the most pressing issues facing educators ... (and) despite the plethora of school restructuring and educational reforms, the disproportionate underachievement of African American students is a consistent occurrence in U.S. schools” (179), and this alarming phenomenon provides the central premise of his subsequent investigation. Howard elects to focus his qualitative study on the diverse range of socioeconomic, cultural, and regional factors which are likely to exert an impact on the continued underachievement trend within African American student groups. He is also concerned with assessing the role that teacher effectiveness plays in influencing the eventual achievement level of African American students, observing that the disproportional placement of African American students in remedial or special education programs is likely attributable to the growing gap in comprehension between students and those tasked with instructing them. By examining the import of Howard’s conclusions in conjunction with a pair of contemporary contributions to the literature – Mwalimu J. Shujaa’s “Education and Schooling You Can Have One without the Other,” and Carter G. Woodson’s “The Mis-Education of the Negro” – one can begin to draw objective conclusions regarding the phenomenon of underachievement among African American students.

Paper Undergraduate

Rhetorical analysis of economic explanations for American obesity

Americans are getting fatter--but the reasons for this trend remain opaque to scientists. This essay does not come to a final conclusion about why obesity rates in the United States have been climbing so high: rather it examines three recent articles on the subject and examines how the authors come to complementary, but slightly different conclusions as to why this is the case.

Essay Doctorate

Government intervention in labor market hiring and discrimination policy

This paper answers three questions. Should an organization have the right to select employees without the government’s intervention? Money is the most important form of motivation. Do you agree with this statement? Experts will tell you that it is important to prepare for an interview. What type of preparation could and should you do?

Paper Doctorate

Socioeconomic status and college performance prediction among minority students

SAT scores and high school GPAs are commonly used to predict whether high school seniors will succeed in college. This is less true for African American and Latino students, who tend to do less well than predicted. This report critiques resent research findings that reveal a more accurate prediction model incorporating a socioeconomic index, thereby minimizing the influence of racial and ethnic identities.

Paper Doctorate

Gender differences in shopping behavior at Victoria's Secret

This paper is about Victoria's Secret, for a class about retail store design and merchandising. The paper explores a visit to a VS store by a male student, noting how the store aligns with how women shop, and how it does not align with how men shop, based primarily on elements of store design and merchandising.

Essay Doctorate

Needs assessment and implementation plan for employee customer service training

is necessary to conduct a training needs assessment prior to the planning for any sort of training. A needs assessment facilitates the training process by identifying the areas where employees actually need to improve themselves. It is a process of looking closely at the existing gaps in an organization. "Needs are basically the gaps between the present attainments and the desired future accomplishments." (Watkins, Meiers & Visser, 2012)

Paper Undergraduate

Calculating Facebook's cost of equity using CAPM

This paper is about the cost of equity at Facebook. The first part of the paper walks through the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Then the CAPM is used with Facebook's statistics to determine the cost of equity. Next is the cost of equity for competitors Yahoo and Google, the APT and DGM.

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