Australian Criminal Justice System Respond
Crimes are breach of the law. Criminal law as in the common law differentiates between crimes that mala per se' that is crimes that are repugnant to humankind for example, murder, robbery and so on which forms the basis of the penal code. There are crimes that are caused by activities that the state prohibits or by social customs called ‘mala prohibitia'. While the activity may not be repugnant to human kind, it becomes a crime on account of statute. Some examples include the bar on persons below a stipulated age to drive motor vehicles. Although a teenager at the wheel of a car is dangerous, it is not a crime that is repugnant to the whole of mankind. The crime is thus a crime that is caused by violating a statute. A better example will be the smoking regulations. Smoking has been banned in some public places but is not a crime for a person to smoke in his home. Now the same act becomes a violation where it is indulged in a place where it is prohibited. Earlier the definition of crime centred on physical harm caused to individuals and property and both the parties were identifiable.
Taxes, Direct Democracy and Federalism
In this paper, we are going to be discussing the power of the federal government in comparison with the states. This will be accomplished by focusing on: taxes, the use of the National Guard / military forces, the state's right to exercise direct democracy, acts of civil disobedience, the economic system and freedom of speech. Once this occurs, is when we can see how this is influencing the relationship between the various levels of government.