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¶ … medical and ethical dilemmas, even if the activities were deemed technically legal or not questioned at the time. The fact that the studies sought to gain information from human subjects under unfair and undesirable circumstances means their results cannot be condoned and the findings cannot be accepted or used as viable study data. Each study directly crosses the line into scientific unacceptability in different ways; and while their underlying approaches raise interesting historical and philosophical questions -- that did not need to be tested to be debated -- there is no way to weed out the biases that contaminate the data.
This being said, it is generally safe to say that all of the studies were improper (unethical and/or illegal) at the time that they were being undertaken. This can be seen in the fact that in every instance the medical professionals involved were either directly or indirectly punished for the actions once the circumstances became known. While some of the specific individuals may have escaped their own condemnation and may have even been initially rewarded, they were chastised professionally or isolated and had to hide their involvement. Today, we accept that having a cavalier attitude about a study (by insisting that most participants won't get cancer...
Willowbrook's infection of persons unable to be medically informed of what they are going through is no different than using the power of any institution to forcibly make a group or class of people go through dangerous or barbaric studies.
Could the results have been carried out differently? In many instances yes, even though the results might have taken longer to find using better scientific methods. The subjects could have been asked, could have been given the chance to volunteer, or could have been used in less harsh ways to begin building parts of the answers to the problems. But even this is misleading because there can be no scientifically valid reason for using such coercive tactics. Stress and deception can probably change the way people act or react to stimuli, which would call into question any or all of the results that were obtained. And, of course,…
REFERENCES
Consumer Reports (2007). "Off-Label" Drug Use, Shopper's Guide. Downloadable at http://www.consumerreports.org/health/resources/pdf/best-buy-drugs/money-saving-guides/english/Off-Label-FINAL.pdf.
Pain Management of America (2011). Chronic Pain Treatment and Management with Medical Marijuana. Viewable at http://www.medicalmarijuana.net/uses-and-treatments/chronic-pain/.
SOURCES OF STUDIES
Jewish Chronic Disease: http://johnmueller.org/Problems/Cancer.html
Nazi Medical Experiments: http://nazi_medical.tripod.com/experiments.html
Tuskegee: http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm
Willowbrook: http://diseaseoftheweek.wordpress.com/2010/03/06/is-it-ethical-to-infect-mentally-retarded-children-with-hepatitis/
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