Electronic Cigarettes and Cancer Essay

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A1 A1: On an APA title page, the title is on the first line, the author name (here Student Network Resources), the name of your university or school, the name of the course, the course section number, and finally the date. Often, professors have their own specifications for the title page, so you may want to consult with your teacher, professor, instructor, or teaching assistant to ensure you have the appropriate format. E-Cigarettes and Cancer: Not the Healthier Alternative Some Believe Them to Be

A2 A2: Headings are left-justified in regular font (can be bold, though APA does not require them to be in bold- check with your teacher for specific instructions). Introduction

            Smoking is a serious health problem that cannot be taken lightly.  According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention A3 A3: The abbreviation for the organization is placed in parentheses after the full name of the organization. (CDC), cigarette are responsible for 480,000 deaths per year in the United States, and these deaths are not limited to smokers; 41,000 of those deaths are the result of secondhand smoke exposure (2014).  This means that cigarettes are linked to about one in five deaths A4 A4: These details are taken specifically from the CDC article, but are not directly quoted. They are not placed in quotation marks, but a reference follows the end of the sentence to indicate that it was taken from a source. (CDC, 2014).  This makes tobacco usage the leading preventable cause of death, not only in the United States, but also around the world.  Tobacco usage is linked to a variety of health problems, including: cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and diabetes (CDC, 2014).  Moreover, nicotine, one of the addictive substances in tobacco products, is oftentimes considered the most addictive substance that human beings regularly ingest, and quitting smoking is often believed to be one of the most difficult addiction challenges a person can face. 

            Despite the overwhelming evidence that smoking causes severe health problems and even death, there has been tremendous resistance to attempts to make the sale of tobacco products illegal.  In fact, many people in society continue to treat smoking as an undesirable habit, but one without the serious and negative health consequences linked to other addictions.  As a result, many people begin smoking without fully comprehending how serious the potential health consequences are.  Once they realize the negative impact that smoking can have on their lives, smokers frequently search for an effective means to stop smoking or to limit the impact that their addiction has on friends and family. 

            The e-cigarette was not introduced as a way to stop smoking, nor have its manufacturers suggested that it is a healthier alternative to traditional cigarettes.  Despite that, many smokers have turned to e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation method.  Unfortunately, e-cigarettes do not seem to reduce overall nicotine consumption.  Even more alarming, they appear to have carcinogen levels that may make them even more dangerous than traditional cigarettes.

E-cigarettes and smoking cessation

            While some nicotine replacement methods, such as nicotine gum and the nicotine patch, are effective, e-cigarettes appear to be missing an essential component for smoking cessation methods; they do not inhibit the behaviors that are linked to smoking.  For many smokers, the ritual that surrounds smoking is a critical part of the addiction.  Therefore, the use of an e-cigarette, which mimics the same behaviors used in smoking actual cigarettes, does nothing to deter the patterns of behavior associated with smoking, and, in fact, may actually reinforce those behaviors.

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            In fact, research suggests that the use of e-cigarettes not only does not help smokers stop smoking, but actually hinder those efforts.  Smokers who use e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation effort actually appear to increase their nicotine consumption, as they simply augment regular smoking behaviors with the e-cigarette usage.  When compared with a group of smokers who did not use e-cigarettes in efforts to stop smoking, the e-cigarette users had significantly lower rates of smoking cessation (Melville, 2015).   Furthermore, they may actually get more nicotine through the use of the e-cigarettes, resulting in heightened tolerance levels that lead to more intense nicotine cravings and could result in smoking more cigarettes when they stop using the e-cigarettes. 

E-cigarettes and carcinogens

            What makes this particularly dangerous is the fact that e-cigarettes actually contain significantly higher levels of some carcinogens than regular cigarettes.  E-cigarettes allow their users to manipulate their operation in order to increase or decrease the amount of nicotine delivered with each inhalation of the vapor they produce.  To do this, the user manipulates the heat in the unit.  However, as the heat increases, so does the production of formaldehyde-containing chemical that can release the formaldehyde to the user after the user inhales the vapor.  The result can be formaldehyde exposure “at levels up to 15 times higher than regular cigarettes” A5 A5: The reference contains a direct quote, so it is contained in quotation marks. The citation includes the author last name, followed by the year of publication. (Thompson, 2015).

            Furthermore, this a problem that manufacturers seem to have increased, rather than decreased, over the course of e-cigarette production.  Newer versions of the e-cigarettes operate at high temperatures that facilitate the production of formaldehyde-containing compounds.  This can create tremendous variability in the toxicity of the vapor produced and consumed.  When used at low-voltages and low-temperatures, the e-cigarettes do not appear to produce formaldehyde.  However, when used at higher temperatures, they do.  Moreover, the user controls the temperature of the e-cigarettes.  “Users open up the devices, put their own fluid in and adjust the operating temperature as they like, allowing them to greatly alter the vapor generated by the e-cigarette” (Thompson, 2015).  The result is such a dramatic increase in formaldehyde over a normal cigarette that e-cigarette users could see his or her lifetime risk of cancer increase by five to fifteen times compared to the smoking-related cancer risk (Thompson, 2015). 

            Some pro-vaping advocates suggest that the study is inherently flawed.  They maintain that the temperatures used in the study would not be duplicated in real life scenarios.  They suggest that users would only use the lower levels, avoiding the high levels of formaldehyde exposure linked to this hotter temperature usage (Thompson, 2015).  This might be a valid argument if there were some mechanism to prevent users from using the devices at high voltages, however, the newer e-cigarettes have been specifically designed to allow for this higher voltage usage.  However, even these critics suggest that e-cigarette users do not correct for this problem by lowering the voltage on their cigarettes, but by taking shorter puffs at the higher voltage.  The result, therefore, would not be that they avoid exposure to these higher levels of formaldehyde, but it may result in less exposure than is documented in the research.

            Moreover, it is no surprise that formaldehyde is dangerous.  On the contrary, formaldehyde is a well-known and well-documented carcinogen.  It has a number of industrial uses and is present, in low-levels, in many common household items.  It is classified as a carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and as a probable human carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protective Agency (National Cancer Institute, 2011).  Formaldehyde undergoes rapid changes in the body once it is inhaled, so that its carcinogenic impact might be limited to the upper respiratory tract, but it has been linked in studies to nasal and lung cancers, as well as to a higher incidence of leukemia (National Cancer Institute, 2011). 

            One of the most significant health problems associated with the use of e-cigarettes is the fact that the products are largely unregulated.  While the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been discussing regulating vapor cigarette products, it has yet to do so.  Therefore, the ingredients in them are not subject to any type of regulation.  What this means is that, while formaldehyde is currently identified as a health risk associated with these products, it may not be the only health risk, as the ingredients are subject to change without notice or oversight.

Conclusion

            While e-cigarettes may seem like a healthier alternative than traditional cigarettes, the reality is that e-cigarettes present their own health hazards.  They are not effective as a smoking cessation aid and may actually lead people to consume a greater number of traditional cigarettes.  Moreover, they do not minimize the health risks associated with traditional cigarettes, and may actually put users at a greater risk of developing cancer.  As a result, e-cigarettes should not be considered a safe alternative for people exploring nicotine replacement therapy options.

A6 A6: References are listed on a separate page, following the conclusion of the text. It is labeled References, which is centered at the top of the page. References

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  (2014, November 20).  Smoking and tobacco use:

A7 A7: This APA citation was written by an organization, so it is listed first in the references. Because the page was taken from the organization’s website, the reference does not refer to a website, but simply has a retrieved date and a web address. Fast facts.  Retrieved April 5, 2015: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/

   Mellville, N.  (2015, March 2).  E-cigarette use liked to lower success in smoking cessation:

Presented at SRNT.  Retrieved April 5, 2015 from First Word Pharma website: A8 A8: This reference lists the author’s last name, followed by a first initial. The date is second and includes as much information as is given in the source. The title is in lower case except for the first word and any proper nouns, and is then italicized. Next, it lists the date retrieved, followed by the website, and then the direct web address for the referenced information. http://www.firstwordpharma.com/node/1266722?tsid=1#axzz3TRNKH1F2

   National Cancer Institute.  (2011, June 10).  Formaldehyde and cancer risk.  Retrieved April 5,

2015 from Cancer.gov website: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes-prevention/risk/substances/formaldehyde/formaldehyde-fact-sheet

   Thompson, D.  (2015, January 21).  High levels of formaldehyde in e-cig vapor.  Retrieved April

5, 2015 from WebMD website: http://www.webmd.com/smoking-cessation/news/20150121/high-levels-of-cancer-linked-chemical-in-e-cigarette-vapor-study-finds