identify an episode of international development for an organisation of P&G(Procter & Gamble). outline the motivations for international expansion from 1980. what strategies is P&G pursuing to compete internationally and why? discuss the challenges of expanding internationally from 1980 and to what extent they were addressed. how effective was the internationalization in terms of resource and core competence utilization and development?

US Agency for International Development (USAID) http://www.usaid.gov/

Write 3-4 pages response to the questions below. Write the response/background report in outline or point form. Use headings and subheadings to organize the response. Apply APA style guidelines for grammar, spelling, punctuation, citing and referencing.

Some questions regarding individual organizations, for Background Report:

1. What is the nature of the organization?s mandate? How would you describe its philosophical perspective, with respect to promoting global health? What is its history?

2. What are the merits of the way this organization fulfills its mandate? What appeals to you in the way this organization goes to work? What progress has it made?

What are your questions and concerns about the way the organization does its work? Why do you raise these questions or have these concerns?
How are decisions made within the organization? Who are the decision-makers? What services are provided; what health issue(s) are being addressed?
How are the services delivered? What aspects of health care are possibly being missed or not addressed?

3. Who pays for services the organization provides? Who does the work? what is the nursing work in this organization?

What proportion of the annual budget is spent on administration? Is this relative to the work that appears to be done and any indicators of local recipients? acceptance?
Would you consider volunteering/doing paid work for this organization? If so, what more would you want to know before deciding to do so?

4. What in this organization?s ways of doing things contributes to sustainability of its accomplishments? Is there a (different) role for nurses in this organization?

Harvard with page no.

The subject of International Development and the assignment is to Analyse & discuss the institutions and Instruments provided by the ISLAMIC strategy of development to alleviate poverty and move towards a sustainable development. I have few references for this issue.


There are faxes for this order.

This research paper should be on "International Developments in Corporate Governance". It should be based on an in-debt research include sources not only books but also articles, law reviews and journals and so on. Footnotes and works cited list must be properly incorporated. The paper should review all important developments across the world on corporate governance. I must receive the paper no later than the deadline, 26 November. You can contact me for any questions. But I think topic and instructions are clear. Try to use as much sources as you can since it will be a research paper but I think at least 25 sources should be used. Since I believe you have a great deal of data on corporate governance, you will have no problems accessing such information.

PART ONE (essays):

Please answer the following five questions in 5 separate short essays. Each essay must be at least 4 FULL paragraphs. Each essay should answer to its corresponding question in a clear and thorough manner. Please note that there are multiple questions/parts within each of the 5 essays, so please make sure to answer ALL parts of the question (for instance, in question #1, there are 5 questions/ parts you have to answer, and all of them have to be addressed in the essay for question #1). Please DO NOT use any outside books or resource materials; all the answers to each question can be found in the books/videos mentioned within that specific question. For example, in question #1, you may only refer to Amartya Sen?s book, ?Development as Freedom;? trust me, it has all the answers to the question. Same thing for question #2; you may only refer to the books called ?International Development and the Social Sciences? by Cooper and Packard and ?Globalization and its Discontents? by Joseph Stiglitz. Then for questions 4 and 5, you have more options (in terms of the number of books and/or videos you may draw your answers from, but once again, please stick to the readings/videos named only). You do not need to use quotes from the texts; when you find the answers to the questions in these texts, please paraphrase the point the author was trying to make and answer the question in your own words (in accordance with what the text was saying, of course). Please state what chapter and page(s) you found each answer, so I can find what parts of the books you pulled your answers from.
If you have any questions about this order, please e-mail me directly as soon as possible at: [email protected]

Thank you very much and have a good day! Here are the questions for the 5 short essays:


1) Using the book called ?Development as Freedom? by Amartya Sen, explain how a working democracy is fundamental for both opportunity and economic growth. Describe one nation that exemplifies these relationships and describe another nation that would appear to contradict it. How might Sen?s insistence of the centrality of democratic processes be a difficult proposition in some cases (e.g. where democracy and culture might collide) and how might he explain this problem?

2) Using the book called ?International Development and the Social Sciences? by Cooper and Packard and the book called ?Globalization and its Discontents? by Joseph Stiglitz, explain how the modern global institutions of development came into being and discuss how the West has historically dictated the terms of development for other nations. How have these institutions been able to command respect, authority, and legitimacy over time? Mention how institutional knowledge is created and perpetuated by these institutions.

3) In the book called ?International Development and the Social Sciences,? the authors (Cooper and Packard) mention that disciplines such as economics are universalizing disciplines while the fields of history and anthropology contextualize. In the context of development, explain what they mean by this. Why does development tend to favor ?universalization? and why might contextualizing be important to development? Then, describe which approach economist Amartya Sen might advocate for drawing from Development as Freedom.

4) If you were charged with the task of evaluating the successes or failures of your own development program (please invent your own development program and briefly describe it), what indicators would you use (real or imagined) and why would you use them? Would you use traditional indicators (e.g. GDP) or would you use qualitative measures such as ?quality or life? indicators and what would be the pros and cons of these approaches? Draw from any of the readings below to support your argument.

5) Drawing from any of the following readings or films, describe the concept of utopia, its origins, and why it?s the cornerstone to understanding present day development:

BOOKS:

Andrew Apter
The Pan-African Nation: Oil and the Spectacle of Culture in Nigeria
University of Chicago Press (2005)
(Only the Introduction and Chapter 1)

Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard, eds.
International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of
Knowledge
UC Press (1997)
(Only pages 1-41)

Clifford Geertz
Peddlers and Princes: Social Development and Economic Change in Two Indonesian
Towns
University of Chicago Press (1963)
(Only Pages 1-27)

Amartya Sen
Development as Freedom
Anchor Books, Random House Inc. NY (1999)
Joseph E. Stiglitz
Globalization and its Discontents
W.W. Norton & Co. NY & London (2003)
(Only pages xi-xiv; pages 3-11; chapters 1-6)

ARTICLES :

J. Martin Evans
The Best of All Possible Worlds. Pp. 1-19
America: The View from Europe.
Stanford Alumni (1976)
(Only pages 1-19)

David Blundell
The Traveling Seminar: An Experiment in Cross-Cultural Tourism and Education in
Taiwan. National Association for Practicing Anthropology (NAPA) Bulletin. American
Anthropology Association, 23:234-251 (2005)

Lance Morrow
Welcome to the Global Village. Time Magazine. May 29th. P. 41 (1989)


FILMS:

1) ?The Renaissance and the Age of Discovery The Renaissance and the New
World?

2) ?The On-going Story?



PART TWO (vocabulary):

Please define the following terms or dates, which were pulled from the readings above. The definition you give must not be a dictionary definition, but the definition that came up in the reading. Also, please mention the significance of the term or date as was stated by the authors. This does not have to be long; a couple of sentences will be fine.

Example: 1453 - Constantinople fell to the Ottomans ending the Byzantine Empire that existed since Emperor Constantine. The city of Constantinople fell from Christian rule and was renamed Istanbul. From this date commerce eastwards was restricted and the West had to explore other avenues to reach Orient trade. This stimulated further division in the world between Islam and Christianity. The price of spice soared. And pathways utilizing the Atlantic to reach the East became increasingly justified for navigators.


Once again, thank you so much, and good luck to you! Here are the terms and dates:

Prince Henry the Navigator

1492

Treaty of Tordesillas 1493

Enlightenment

glasnost

colonies

third world

emerging nations

developing

backward

village vs. bush environments

Bandung conference of 1955

nonalignment

decolonization

Newly Industrialized Nations (NIC)

Marxism

capitalism

commodity

International Labor Organization (LIO)

Non-governmental Organization (NGO)

underdevelopment

postmodern

sustainable development

globalization in the economic sense

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC)

1945

poverty

?unfreedom? ref. Sen

?individual capacities? ref. Sen

?agency? ref. Sen

utopia

***Please note: if you need any of the articles, I can fax or e-mail them to you, but the books and videos you will have to find for yourself. So, if you need me to e-mail any of the articles to you, let me know ASAP because you have only a couple of days to work on this. Thanks!***

Hello,

Research Proposal of Phd Project.

A research proposal is needed for a phd application in the field of international development studies (not international relations like was chosen above). the specifications and requirements for this proposal will be attatched after this order is placed. Please use the attatched document in completing this order. very important. thanks.
There are faxes for this order.

I have applied to study PhD in international development at The University of Edinburgh - in Scotland and , the outstanding research proposal is prerequisite for funding/scholarships

This is the research proposal topic: Governance and continuing Crisis in Manor River Union: Policies, Evidence and Ways Forward. Please use Sierra Leone as a case study.

Please note: I intend to undertake this study in part because I am a national of Sierra Leone. The study will unique in nation (empirical study).

The first section should provide the introduction to the problem(s) to be addressed , plus its motivation (why you are doing what you are). Follow by the research questions / problems / hypotheses.

Please if any further is require, I will provide it.

Kind regards

It is a term essay in MA International Relations, subject: Development - Theory and Pratice.

Title of the essay:

"Though international development has recently become a major issue in global politics (G-8, Make Poverty History campaign, MDGs), the principal proposals being put forward to address underdevelopment show little awarness of the lessons of the history of 50 years of development efforts and therefore hold little prospect of succeeding in putting countries on a sustainable path do development." Discuss, drawing on concrete examples to ilustrate your answer.

I am very mature (age) student.

SGM223 Essay topics 12.18
Please choose one of the topics listed below and write an essay of 3.000 words:

1. According to authors such as Thussu, Boyd-Barrett and Mowlana and Masmoudi, the global information order has been characterised by imbalances between the global north and south. Discuss these imbalances, the proposals of the NWICO debates and why they were criticised.

2. Outline the basic principles of modernisation and dependency theories in development studies. What were the criticisms made to both and what is meant by the ?impasse? in development studies?

3. Consider gender equality as a development goal. Discuss the strengths and limitations of the approach of your choice, assessing the relationship between gender, communications and development.

4. Do the media still have a role in national and international development? Why? Discuss.

5. Examine the strengths and limitations of participatory approaches to development communication. Use at least one example to support your arguments.

6. Globalization and media scholars have discussed how the global media scenario is one of increasing exchange of cultural products and flows. Discuss by making reference to the theories on media imperialism and cultural hybridity.

Assessment Criteria
Essays will be assessed on a variety of criteria. These include:
? the extent to which the course aims and learning outcomes have been achieved;
? the use of evidence from the work of scholars to make clear arguments;
? critical engagement with the works of scholars covered on the course;
? the use of good referencing, reflected in citations, ideas, and arguments (which are correctly referenced and integrated into the text);
? the accuracy of the expression (it is important that all coursework is proofread several times before submission);
? imagination and originality (the extent to which you have been able to synthesise the works of others and develop your own view of their work).

VII. WORD LIMIT

The word limit for the essay is 3,000 words (students may go over or under by 10%).

Detail : Find a recent (published within the last 18 months) news article about a business engaged in international trade in your country.

Write a 500-750 word paper that summarizes the article and use it as a jumping off point to explore the financial, cultural, and ethical issues involved in international trade in your country. Your paper should include:

A summary of the article you found
Highlights of financial, cultural, or ethical issues identified within the article
Analysis relating the specifics of the article to more general financial, cultural, and ethical issues from assigned or optional class readings
Connections to other recent news or international developments
Format your paper using APA guidelines.

Include a minimum of three sources, which may consist of readings from the University Library, your text, and other selections. This assignment will be graded according to West?s Writing Rubric.

Paper Guidelines
Select two or three articles for your paper from The Developing World Reader 11/12, 2011 Custom Edition. It is preferable to make selections from the same Unit.
You have a long list of articles (36, organized into three Units) to choose from. All these articles can be found in the PDF file you will access from the Student Center area by clicking on the Griffiths link.
General Approach
a. Give a clear coverage of the chosen articles? main points
b. Connect these points into a common theme in your paper
c. Compare and juxtapose the points (if applicable)
d. Be more detailed in your coverage than in the discussion forums in this course
e. Provide authors? lines of reasoning supporting their main points including conclusions
f. Demonstrate research and research method (if applicable), authors may have used in their articles
g. Analyze and express your own opinion with regard to the:
i. Main points and conclusions of the articles
ii. Do you think the main points are valid? Discuss these at length.
iii. Whatever opinion you may have with regard to the authors? conclusions is fine as long as you can offer a solid critique or a competent confirmation of authors? conclusions
h. Use outside sources for your research such as:
i. www.wikipedia.org
ii. www.economist.com
iii. http://www.un.org
iv. http://www.rferl.org/
v. http://www.google.com

Paper Format
1. Eight pages, including the Title Page, References/Bibliography
2. List your name, course, professor?s name, and date on the Title Page
3. Use running head and apply page numbering
4. Follow the APA style
5. Double-spaced, 12-point Times New Roman font
6. Apply basic structuring to your paper as follows: Introduction, Body, and Conclusion. You can further structure your paper if needed.
7. Make sure you check for grammar, style and typographical errors
8. Have somebody else proofread the final version of your piece prior to its submission
9. Upload your work in a separate file (Microsoft 2003 through 2007).
Do not post text into the body of the submission web page.
Papers posted in such fashion will not get marked for grading.
Article 1
The New Face of Development
As the traditional development challenge of reducing poverty is
increasingly met, a new challenge for the twenty-i rst century emerges:
that of ensuring a livable, peaceful, and prosperous world.
Carol Lancaster
A number of trends in international development that were
already emerging at the end of the last millennium?
including the introduction of new actors and technologies, the increasing role of private investment, and the remarkable
reduction in poverty in countries such as China and India?have
become even more apparent as we approach the end of the current
decade. These trends go to the core of what development is, how
it is achieved, and who is involved in promoting it. In combination, they suggest that international development in the future will
likely be very different from what it has been in the past.
The world first turned its attention to the challenge of international development in the decades immediately after World
War II, as the cold war began and decolonization got under way.
How, the international community asked itself, could growth
be accelerated and poverty reduced in newly independent, less
developed nations? Wealthy countries increasingly engaged
in promoting economic progress in developing countries (primarily through foreign aid), and also established professional
agencies, both bilateral and multilateral, to allocate and manage
development assistance. The motives for the developed countries? actions, of course, were not purely altruistic. They sought
to promote their national interests (such as the containment
of Soviet influence); to ensure that decolonization proceeded
smoothly; to preserve spheres of influence in former colonies;
to expand their own exports; and to secure sources of raw materials abroad.
During the 40 years between 1960 and 2000, the international
aid and development regime depended on rich countries? providing concessional economic assistance. They provided such
assistance either directly to recipient governments, or indirectly,
through international institutions. The aid was targeted toward
agreed-upon projects like roads, government- provided agricultural services, primary education, and health care. Rich countries? trade and investment policies were understood to be an
important part of the development equation, but they tended to
be much less prominent than development aid itself, since trade
and investment usually involved powerful domestic interests
within rich countries, a circumstance that constrained their use
for development purposes.
Over the same period, the ways in which aid was used to
promote development underwent an evolution. In the 1960s,
the primary emphasis was on encouraging economic growth
by providing funds for infrastructure and other projects meant
to expand national production. In the 1970s, the main focus
was direct action to alleviate poverty, with aid devoted to projects that would meet the basic needs of the poor in developing
countries (including basic education, primary health care, and
development of small farms). In the 1980s, the emphasis was
on fostering growth through budgetary support for economic
reforms and ?structural adjustment.?
The 1990s turned out to be a transition decade for development. With the end of the cold war and the breakup of the
Soviet Union, many of the former communist bloc countries
began a transition to free markets and democratic governance.
Aid-giving governments turned their attention, and their aid, to
furthering this transition. A wave of democratization washed
over other parts of the world as well, including sub- Saharan
Africa, and democracy became increasingly linked with development in the minds of many development practitioners.
Democracy, it was now argued, was a key facilitator of development, and thus foreign aid was increasingly used to promote
political development.
At the same time, rising concerns over transnational problems, such as environmental deterioration and infectious diseases (especially HIV/AIDS), expanded the development
discourse. Conflict prevention and mitigation became part of
the broadening framework of international development as civil
conflicts erupted in a number of countries, especially in Africa,
and it became obvious that economic progress required peaceful conditions. Finally, the development dialogue renewed its
emphasis on poverty reduction, partly because of the ?associational revolution??an explosion of civil society organizations,
in both rich and poor countries. Many of these organizations
were interested in bettering the human condition.
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4
The continued evolution of information
technologies will empower the poor,
probably in ways we cannot foresee.
And so, between the postwar period and the year 2000, much
changed. In particular, the notion of development expanded to
include a much wider range of issues. Yet the core focus remained
poverty reduction, and the primary instrument for achieving it
remained government-based economic assistance.
An Elastic Idea
Today, international development has become an even more elastic concept, as ideas about what constitutes development, how
it is best achieved, and who should be part of the process continue to evolve. Starting from the early years of the international
development era a half-century ago, development was thought
of as a means to improve the material conditions of life. That
is, public and private investment would promote growth, which
in turn would eventually reduce or even eliminate poverty. This
basic concept remains at the heart of development, but there
have been some important additions.
?Human development? is now part of the equation, meaning
that education, health, life expectancy, and other indicators of
well-being are given greater attention. Political rights are also
considered a key aspect of development, in part to ensure that
the poor and excluded have a political voice. Some have incorporated ?human security,? as well, including security against
economic deprivation and against physical violence, actual or
threatened. ?Sustainable development,? or economic progress
that does not affect the environment too harshly, is another element in the welter of ideas that currently define development.
Some in recent years have defined development as the freedom
to choose a fulfilling life.
This trend is likely to continue. Development will have at
its core the reduction of severe poverty as long as that problem
endures; but it will also continue to evolve to reflect changing
global beliefs about the basic requirements of a decent human
life and about how to meet those requirements.
Western economists have always believed that the driver of
development is private investment?on the theory that because
it increases productivity, production, growth, incomes, and jobs,
it will ultimately eliminate poverty. Others, however, have taken
the view that the market is unable to create equitable development and that state intervention is necessary to direct and
hasten economic progress. This state-versus-market tension
was evident during the cold war, with the socialist and capitalist
models doing battle. The same philosophical difference is part
of the debate between those who emphasize macroeconomic
growth (for example, through structural adjustment) and those
who emphasize direct interventions to reduce poverty. From an
institutional perspective, this tension has been reflected in the
often differing approaches of the World Bank and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) toward promoting development.
In recent years, something of a consensus has emerged. It is
now broadly accepted that private investment and well functioning markets are essential to sustaining long-term growth, and
that the state cannot do it alone. But it is also generally recognized that without a well-functioning state, markets cannot
produce sustained growth and reduce poverty.
When the era of international development began, the major
actors were states, along with international institutions like the
World Bank. Rich states shaped world trade policies and the
special trade arrangements (for example, the Generalized System of Preferences) that affected the trade of poor countries.
Not much foreign investment in poor countries was carried out,
and even then it was sometimes unwelcome. Essentially, the
governments of rich countries provided aid to the governments
of poor countries. It was, in the language of telecommunications, a ?one-to-one? world.
This has changed. Governments still play a major role but
they are joined by civil society organizations, both in developed and developing countries. These groups deliver services,
funded both by governments and through private giving, and
advocate for more action to improve the lives of the poor. Growing numbers of corporations are investing large amounts in poor
countries. They are also funding development activities on their
own, often in public-private partnerships that also involve governments of rich countries and NGOs. These activities are part
of corporate social responsibility programs, or even part of businesses? marketing strategies.
The scale of global philanthropy has grown over time, and
the number of philanthropic organizations funding development activities has also grown. The Gates Foundation is the
most prominent of the new foundations but there are many
others. Countless so-called social entrepreneurs have come
on the scene as well. These are individuals in developed and
developing countries who create NGOs to tackle development
problems?as well as ?venture philanthropists? who create
enterprises with double and triple bottom lines, enterprises
that aim to do good while doing well. (An example would be
an equity fund that combines investing with providing technical assistance to small enterprises that have few alternatives
for capital or training.)
These actors have created a ?many-to-many? development
space that promises to grow in the coming decades. Also contributing to many-to-many development is the growing flow
of remittances from immigrants working in rich countries to
their families in poor countries. Indeed, the flow of remittances exceeds the global total of foreign aid by a considerable
amount.
The Technology Revolution
All these trends have been facilitated by new information technologies. We are living, in fact, in the midst of several technology revolutions?information technology, biotechnology,
nano-technology, and materials technology. All of these hold
the promise of radically changing not only our lives but also the
lives of the poor in developing countries.
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6 SociologyArticle 1. The New Face of Development
5
Information technology is already connecting many inhabitants of developing nations to the internet, as computers become
increasingly affordable in poor countries. Cell phones are being
used for banking, medical investigations, market updates, and
obtaining all manner of otherwise out-of-reach information (as
well as for political networking). The continued evolution of
information technologies will empower the poor, probably in
ways we cannot foresee. It has already provided new means
for financial support to reach the poor through NGOs operating
in developing countries, as wealthy people contribute through
internet portals. This innovation cuts out middlemen and encourages direct giving. The internet has also facilitated the transfer
of remittances from rich to poor countries. And it permits the
poor to network as never before, an opportunity that will surely
be seized even more in the future as cell phones come to resemble computers and become more affordable for all.
The biological revolution promises gains in medicine and agriculture, though these are not without controversy. The benefits
have not yet reached a large enough scale to have a major impact
on the lives of the poor, but this seems only a matter of time.
Nanotechnology fosters miniaturization that, among other things,
will make more powerful and cheaper cell phones possible. And
advances in materials technology could lead to the production of
commodities especially designed for difficult environments, an
encouraging prospect for the poor living in those environments.
The Third World?s End
During much of the past 40 years, people spoke and wrote about
the ?Third World??the many developing countries that were an
arena of competition between the United States and the Soviet
Union. The Soviet Union, of course, is gone. But so is any semblance of shared poverty among the 150 or so countries comprising Asia, Africa, and Latin America. China has provided the
most dramatic example of a poor country achieving rapid growth
through manufacturing and exporting. In the past 25 years, China?s development has lifted a quarter of a billion people out of
poverty. This is a degree of economic progress, even with all of
its accompanying problems, that is historically unprecedented.
China is in fact now a major source of trade, aid, and investment
for countries in Africa, Latin America, and elsewhere in Asia.
Economic progress in India?the other country with largescale poverty and a population in excess of a billion?is increasingly evident as well. There, development is based to a large
extent on the export of services. Poverty has fallen somewhat
in Latin America, too, as many economies there diversify and
grow. This means that the world?s hard-core poverty and development problem is now concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa.
In many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, little economic
progress has been achieved since independence. The difficulties standing in the way of the region?s advancement include
a difficult climate and the heavy disease load that comes with
being located in the tropics. Also, many sub-Saharan nations are
small and landlocked. Others are resource-rich but have found
these resources to be a curse (Nigeria with its oil; Sierra Leone
with its diamonds; the Democratic Republic of Congo [DRC]
with its copper, cobalt, and other minerals).
One discerns a real opportunity?for the
i rst time in history?to eradicate severe
poverty worldwide.
Governments in these countries have long exhibited incompetence and corruption, and their resources have made it
possible for them to provide little accountability to their citizens. Discontent has often led to violent conflict, which has
been further stoked by competition for the control of resources.
Civil conflicts in the DRC, Sierra Leone, and elsewhere have
killed large numbers of people, created even more refugees
and displaced persons, and destroyed national assets. Nigeria
continues to teeter on the brink of a political abyss, the DRC
continues to be plagued by internal war, and Somalia is still a
collapsed state?with predictable effects on development.
But not all the news out of Africa is gloomy. Economic growth
in India and China has increased demand, and thus prices, for
the raw materials that many African countries export. Economic
management in Africa, at least in most places, is better than
it has been in several decades. Democratic development?or
political openness, anyway?is greater than it has been during
much of the period since independence.
Corruption, on the other hand, remains a major problem in
many African countries. Additionally, China?s extraordinary
success in producing cheap manufactured goods appears to
have left African countries?which lack the cheap, productive labor that China has?with few opportunities to attract
the investment that might lead them into world manufacturing
markets. In short, Africa is experiencing some new economic
opportunities but also some new challenges.
Global Challenges
Beginning in the 1990s, major powers began to take greater note
of global and transnational problems when they calculated their
foreign policy and foreign aid policies. For much of that decade,
the focus of this set of concerns, known as global public goods,
was the environment?pollution, loss of plant and animal species,
and loss of the ozone layer. While these transnational concerns (other
than the ozone layer) have not abated, two more have joined them:
infectious disease (above all HIV/AIDS) and climate change (which
was not yet such a prominent concern in the 1990s).
The Bush administration has promised an extraordinary
amount of aid to fight HIV/AIDS worldwide?$30 billion over
the coming five years. Concern over this disease has risen in the
United States as its global impact has become ever more evident,
above all in Africa. The American religious right?long skeptical
of the appropriateness and efficacy of foreign aid?has embraced
fighting HIV/AIDS as the duty of Christians to aid those, especially women and children, who are suffering through no fault of
their own. Although allocations of assistance so far have not kept
pace with pledges, it is possible that fighting this disease will
become the largest element in US foreign aid in the future.
But the next US president will also need to confront the issue
of climate change, the reality and probable impact of which can
no longer be ignored. That impact, incidentally, is expected to
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6
be particularly damaging to many of the world?s poor countries.
It seems likely, given that the governments of rich countries
only have so much money to spend on development, that some
development money will be shifted over the coming decades
to fund activities intended to combat global warming?perhaps
some of it as incentive payments to encourage governments to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Beyond climate change, two other trends may produce major
development challenges in decades to come: the continuing
growth of the world?s population and the economic growth in
China, India, and elsewhere. Global population is expected to
continue expanding over the coming years?with nearly all of
the growth taking place in the world?s poor countries. Increased
population will mean additional greenhouse gas emissions,
as well as additional pressure on supplies of food, water, and
energy. Economic growth, though it is hoped for and expected,
will exacerbate those pressures, especially as demand for superior foods?meats instead of grains?increases. (A widely
observed growth pattern is that as people?s incomes rise they
demand more protein in their diets in the form of meat and fish.
But producing one pound of beef requires eight pounds of grain,
and this increases pressures on food production systems.)
As for water, pressures on supply are already evident in
Africa, the Middle East, northern China, and the Indian subcontinent. Where adequate water supplies cannot be procured,
threats to human health and well-being emerge, along with
threats to peace, stability, and income growth. Severe tensions
over water already exist in the Middle East, and such situations
are likely to become more common as population continues to
increase. Meanwhile, a growing world population will use more
fossil fuels, which will not only lead to progressively higher
petroleum prices but will also exacerbate global warming.
These trends suggest that the combination of worldwide population growth and income growth needs to be managed carefully if
the planet is to remain livable for our children and grandchildren.
This challenge may prove the greatest of the twenty-first century.
An additional problem affecting development worldwide will
be movements of people. The populations of many rich countries, and China as well, are growing at or below the replacement
rate (with the United States, for reasons that are not entirely
clear, a notable exception). The average age of people in these
countries is rising, and this means that the dependency ratio is
rising as well?each worker is in effect supporting more people.
Unsurprisingly, the demand for additional workers is growing
in these economies, and immigration from poorer countries to
richer ones?from China to Japan, from North Africa and subSaharan Africa to Europe, and from Latin America to the United
States?has exploded. Much of this immigration is illegal.
This movement of people has delivered benefits both to host
countries and to countries of origin. It allows necessary work
to be carried out in host countries while immigrants are able
to send home remittances that finance consumption and investment there. This seems like a win-win arrangement?except that
some citizens of the host countries experience the arrangement
as a threat to their identities and ways of life. Even in the United
States, where national identity is based on the idea of republican
democracy rather than ethnicity, religion, or language, tensions
surrounding immigration are increasingly evident.
Such tensions, in the United States and also in Japan and
Europe, threaten sometimes to erupt into social strife (as indeed
has occurred in recent years in France). It is not clear what will
happen as the irresistible force of immigration continues to collide with the immovable object of host-country resistance, but
certainly if the remittance economy and access to labor are constrained, international development will suffer a setback.
After Poverty
Since the end of the cold war, because we no longer live in a
bipolar world, we have lacked a certain clarity that allowed us to
order our international relations and forge domestic consensus
on urgent problems. Today?s world has a single major power?
and many complex problems that are beyond that power?s ability to resolve. International development is one of them.
Nevertheless, within this complex and fluid world, one discerns a real opportunity?for the first time in history?to eradicate severe poverty worldwide. The resources and know-how are
available and much progress has already been made, especially
in China and, increasingly, in India. It will not be easy to ?make
poverty history? over the coming decades. A great deal needs
to be achieved in education, investment, and governance, and
in addition we must address the issue of migrations of people
away from areas of the world with too few resources to sustain
a minimally acceptable standard of living. The obstacles may be
insuperable in some cases. But the opportunities are there.
Meanwhile, as the traditional development challenge of
reducing poverty is increasingly met, a new development challenge for the twenty-first century emerges: that of ensuring
a livable, peaceful, and prosperous world. This will require
addressing the global problems that arise when growing populations and rising incomes collide with limited resources.
Assess Your Progress
1. What trends account for the current perspective on international development?
2. How has the view of international development changed
over the past five decades?
3. How would you define the terms human development,
human security, and sustainable development?
4. What actors have increasingly come to play a role in
development?
5. What global challenges are likely to affect development in
the future?
Carol Lancaster is an associate professor at Georgetown University?s Walsh School of Foreign Service and director of the university?s
Mortara Center for International Studies. A former deputy administrator of the US Agency for International Development, she is author of
the forthcoming George Bush?s Foreign Aid: Revolution or Chaos?
(Center for Global Development, 2008).
From Current History, January 2008. Copyright ? 2008 by Current History, Inc. Reprinted by permission.
gri50723_01_47814.indd 6 17/08/10 7:51 AM
8 Sociology7

Case study and analysis of a particular approach or example of community development in practice.

(I will upload some HD essays to be an example for you. Pls take a look at example essays first before you do)

*Please use academic references only not website
*Down below is a SOME USEFUL BOOKS & RESOURCES and USEFUL WEBSITES

All the best to you Thank you so much!



FACILITATION TOOLS & METHODS USED IN THE UNIT WORKSHOPS

Energisers (adapted from a wide range of sources including)

International HIV/AIDS Alliance 2002, 100 Ways to Energise Groups

Boal, Auigusto 2002 Games for Actors and Non-Actors

McCarthy, Julie 2004 Enacting Participatory Development: Theatre-based techniques

Conversation Cafes

http://www.theworldcafe.com/

Participatory Workshops

Chambers, Robert 2002 Participatory workshops : a sourcebook of 21 sets of ideas and activities. London: Earthscan.

Pretty, Jules N. et al. 1995 Trainer's guide for participatory learning and action, London: IIED.

International HIV/AIDS Alliance 2001 A Facilitators Guide to Participatory Workshops with NGOs/CBOs Responding to HIV/AIDS.


Facilitation skills

Eitington, J 1996 (or most recent edition) The Winning Trainer: Winning Ways to Involve People in Learning, 3rd ed., Gulf.

Vella, Jane 2002 Learning to Listen, Learning to Teach: The power of Dialogue in Educating Adults, Revised Ed., San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Kaner, S. et al. 2007 Facilitators guide to participatory decision-making, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons.

Lydia Braakman & Karen Edwards 2002, The Art of Building Facilitation Capacities A Training Manual, RECOFTC, Bangkok.

International HIV/AIDS Alliance 2002, 100 Ways to Energise Groups: Games to use in workshops, meetings and the community, available as PDF from
http://www.aidsalliance.org/sw7452.asp

---- 2001, A Facilitators Guide to Participatory Workshops with NGOs/CBOs Responding to HIV/AIDS, available as PDF from http://www.aidsalliance.org/

Salas, M A et al. 2007 VIPP Visualisation in Participatory Programmes, UNICEF & Southbound. [An earlier version of this wonderful manual is available from http://www.jhuccp.org/sites/all/files/VIPPmanual.pdf]

Svendsen, Dian S. et al. 1998 Facilitation Skills: An Introductory Guide, Lusaka: Project Concern & Social Impact.


Community assets audit

ABCD Institute 2005 Discovering Community Power: A Guide to Mobilizing Local Assets and Your Organizations Capacity, available from Asset-Based Community Development Institute http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/abcd.html


PRA and PLA (a wide range of sources, but some of the best are)

Kumar, Somesh 2002 Methods for Community Participation: A Complete Guide for Practitioners, London: ITDG.

Pretty, Jules N. et al. 1995 Trainer's guide for participatory learning and action, London: IIED.

International HIV/AIDS Alliance 2006 Tools Together Now: 100 Participatory Tools to Mobilise Communities for HIV/AIDS, available from http://www.aidsalliance.org/sw36326.asp

Narayanasamy, N. 2009 PRA Principles, Methods and Application, SAGE.

Slocum, Rachel et al. (eds.) 1995 Power, Process and Participation


Community Organising toolkits

Barefoot Collective 2009 Barefoot Guide to Working with Organisations and Social Change [just google it].

Gubbels, Peter & Koss, Catherine 2000 From the Roots Up.

Capacity building for local NGOs: A guidance manual for good practice
http://www.progressio.org.uk/

Gender toolkits

Slocum, Rachel et al. (eds.) 1995 Power, Process and Participation

Williams, Suzanne 1994 Oxfam Gender Training Manual

Theatre of the Oppressed drama techniques

Boal, Auigusto 2002 Games for Actors and Non-Actors

McCarthy, Julie 2004 Enacting Participatory Development: Theatre-based techniques, London: Earthscan.

Networking

International HIV/AIDS Alliance 2008 Network Capacity Analysis, Workshop Facilitation Guide and Rapid Assessment Guide.

International HIV/AIDS Alliance 2001 Pathways to Partnerships toolkit. Available from http://www.aidsalliance.org/sw26281.asp

McArdle, Jeremy 1998 Resource manual for facilitators in community development, Volume I & II, Melbourne: Vista (see section on networking).



Other Useful Resources

SOME USEFUL JOURNALS
Community development journal (Full text available online through Monash library)

Community development : journal of the Community Development Society, USA (Full text available online through Monash library)

Development in Practice (Full text available online through Monash library)

Participatory Learning and Action,
available at: http://www.iied.org/pla

Environment & Urbanization, (Full text available online through Monash library) Excellent source of articles on urban CD & community organising in urban centres of developing world.

Third World Quarterly (Full text available online through Monash library)

Search Indexes & Databases such as Scopus, ProQuest, IngentaConnect (all available through our library website)


USEFUL WEBSITES
International Association for Community Development
http://www.iacdglobal.org/

Eldis Gateway to Development Information (International Development)
http://www.eldis.org

ProventionWeb (Disaster Reduction Community)
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/

the encyclopaedia of informal education
www.infed.org

Empowering Communities Participatory Techniques For Community-Based Programme Development
http://pcs.aed.org/empowering.htm

FAO
Overview of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
http://www.fao.org/participation/tools/PRA.html
PRA Tool Box
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X5996E/x5996e06.htm#6. PRA Tool Box

Seattle Community Network Handbook for Mobilizers, http://www.scn.org/cmp/hbmob.htm

Actionaids Reflect adult learning and social change site
http://www.reflect-action.org/

UNDP
Empowering People: A Guidebook to Participation
http://www.fao.org/Participation/english_web_new/content_en/linked_Pages/UNDP_Guide_to_Participation.htm

Popular Education News
http://www.popednews.org

SOME USEFUL BOOKS & RESOURCES

ABCD Institute 2005 Discovering Community Power: A Guide to Mobilizing Local Assets and Your Organizations Capacity, available from Asset-Based Community Development Institute http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/abcd.html
ActionAid International 1996 REFLECT Mother manual, London: ActionAid. Available at http://www.reflect-action.org/
ActionAid International 1996 REFLECT Mother manual, London: ActionAid. Available at http://www.reflect-action.org/
Afshar, Helen (ed.) 1998 Women and empowerment: Illustrations from the Third World, Hampshire: Macmillan.
Apentiik, C.R.A. & J. Parpart 2006 Working in Different Cultures: Issues of Race, Ethnicity and Identity, in Vandana Desai & Robert B Potter (eds.) Doing Development Research, SAGE.
Arevalo, M. & Guijt, I. 1998 Participatory monitoring and evaluation, London: IIED.
Arnold, Rick et al. 1991 Educating for a change, Ontario: Between the Lines & Doris Marshall Institute.
Begley, P. 2006 Sojourner adaptation, in Intercultural communication: A reader, Thomson/Wadsworth, pp. 387-393.
Bill Cooke & Uma Kothari 2001 Participation : the new tyranny?
Boal, Auigusto 2002 Games for Actors and Non-Actors
CARE 1999 Embracing Participation In Development: Wisdom From The Field, available from http://pdf.dec.org/pdf_docs/PNACK787.pdf
Carr, Anna 2002 Grassroots and Green Tape: Principles and Practices of Environmental Stewardship, Annandale, N.S.W: Federation Press.
Coover, Virginia et al. 1985 Resource manual for a living revolution, Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.
Core Initiative 2005 CBO/CFO Capacity Analysis: A Tool for Assessing and Building Capacities for High Quality Responses to HIV/AIDS.
Core Initiative 2006 Participatory monitoring and evaluation of community and faith-based programs, pdf.
Cousins, Tessa (1998) Giving space to conflict in training, in The Myth of Community, pp. 58-70.
Darder, Antonia et al. 2003 Critical pedagogy reader.
David Werner & Bill Bower (1982) Helping Health Workers Learn: A Book ofMethods, aids, and ideas for instructors at the village level, Hesperian Foundation, Palo Alto.
DFID 2004 Facilitating Networks - a good practice guide, available from www.livelihoods.org/info/tools/Networks.pdf
DFID Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets, www.livelihoods.org
Estrella, M. et al. 2000 Learning from change : issues and experiences in participatory monitoring and evaluation, London : Intermediate Technology Publications, 2000.
FAO & RECOFTC 2002 Community-based forest resource conflict management: A training Package.
FAO 2005 Negotiation and mediation techniques for natural resource management, available as a pdf from FAO website.
Feuerstein, M.T. 1986 Partners in Evaluation: Evaluating development and community programmes with participants, London: TALC.
Fisher, Julie 1998 Nongovernments: NGOs and the Political Development of the Third World. West Hartford, Connecticut: Kumarian Press.
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed
Gary J. Martin 1995 Ethnobotany: a methods manual
Gilchrist, Alison 2004 Well-connected community: A networking approach to community development, Bristol: Policy Press.
Gosling, L. & Edwards, M. 2003 Toolkits: A practical guide to assessment, monitoring, review and evaluation, London: Save the Children.
Gubbels, Peter & Koss, Catherine 2000 From the Roots Up [PRA of organisational capacities]
Gubbels, Peter & Koss, Catherine 2000 From the Roots Up.
Gubbels, Peter & Koss, Catherine 2000 From the Roots Up: Strengthening Organizational Capacity through Guided Self-Assessment, World Neighbors Field Guide, World Neighbors, Oklahoma.
Holcombe, Susan 1995 Managing to Empower: The Grameen Banks Experience of Poverty Alleviation, Zed, London.
International HIV/AIDS Alliance 2001 A facilitators guide to participatory workshops with NGOs/CBOs responding to HIV/AIDS, available at http://www.aidsalliance.org
International HIV/AIDS Alliance 2001 Pathways to Partnerships toolkit. Available from http://www.aidsalliance.org
International HIV/AIDS Alliance 2002 100 ways to energise groups: games to use in workshops, meetings and the community, available at http://www.aidsalliance.org/sw7452.asp
International HIV/AIDS Alliance 2006 All together now! Community mobilisation for HIV/AIDS, available at http://www.aidsalliance.org/sw37144.asp
International HIV/AIDS Alliance 2006 Tools Together Now: 100 Participatory Tools to Mobilise Communities for HIV/AIDS, PDF available at www.aidsalliance.org
Ira Shor ed. (1987) Freire for the Classroom, Heinemann.
Johnson, Susan & Ben Rogaly 1997 Microfinance and poverty reduction, Oxfam.
Kaner, Sam 1996 Facilitator's Guide to Participatory Decision-Making, New Society Publishers.
Kretzmann, John & McKnight, John 1993 Building Communities from the Inside Out: A path towards finding and mobilizing a communitys assets, Asset-Based Community Development Institute, Evanston IL.
Ledgerwood, Joanna 1999 Microfinance handbook : an institutional and financial perspective, World Bank.
Mackenzie, Liz 1993 On our feet, Supplement to Adult Education and Development, 41.
McArdle, Jeremy 1998 Resource manual for facilitators in community development, Volume I & II, Melbourne: Vista.
McCarthy, Julie 2004 Enacting Participatory Development: Theatre-based techniques, London: Earthscan.
Meredith Minkler & Nina Wallerstein ed (2005) Community organizing and community building for health, 2nd ed., Rutgers Uni Press, New Brunswick.
Mikkelsen, Britha 2005 Methods for development work and research : a new guide for practitioners, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE.
Mukherjee, Neela. 2002 Participatory learning and action : with 100 field methods, New Delhi : Concept Pub.
Nelson, N. & S. Wright (eds.) 1995 Power and participatory development.
Nicholson, Rosemary et al. (eds.) 2002 Common Ground and Common Sense: Community-based environmental health planning. An action handbook, Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Aging. [available to download through Monash Library]
Participatory Methods Toolkit: A Practitioners Manual, Vlaams Instituut voor Wetenschappelijk en Technologisch Aspectenonderzoek, 2005.
Peace Corp (1989) Nonformal Education Manual.
Radcliffe, S.A. (ed.) 2006 Culture & Development in a Globalizing World, Routledge, London.
Rubin, Herbert J. & Rubin, Irene S. 2001 (or most reent edition) Community Organizing and Development, 3rd ed., Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Samuel Hickey & Giles Mohan 2004 Participation, from tyranny to transformation? : exploring new approaches to participation in development.
Schech, S. & Haggis, J. 2000 Culture and Development: A Critical Introduction, Blackwell.
Selener, David et al 1999 PRA and Planning Workbook, Quito: Equador: IIRR. [good case studies and examples]
Slocum, Rachel et al. (eds.) 1995 Power, Process and Participation: Tools for Change, London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
Special issue on sustainable livelihoods, Community Development Journal, 38 (3), 2003.
Srinivasan, Lyra 1990 Tools for community participation: A manual for training trainers in participatory techniques, PROWESS/UNDP.
The Partnering Toolbook, 2003. available from http://thepartneringinitiative.org/
UNDP 1997 Empowering People: A Guidebook to Participation
UNIFEM 2005 Strategic Gender Interventions and Poverty Reduction: Principles and Practice, available as PDF.
Vella, Jane 2002 Learning to Listen, Learning to Teach: The power of Dialogue in Educating Adults, Revised Ed., San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Veneklasen, Lisa & Valerie Miller 2007 A new weave of power, people and politics : the action guide for advocacy and citizen participation, 2nd Ed., Practical Action.
Verhelst, T. & W. Tyndale 2002 Cultures, spirituality and development, in D. Eade (ed) Development and Culture: Selected essays from Development in Practice, Oxfam, Oxford, pp. 1-24.
Verhelst, Thierry G. 1990 No life without roots: culture and development, Zed Books.
Williams, Suzanne 1994 Oxfam Gender Training Manual, Oxford: Oxfam.
World Bank 1998 Participation and Social Assessment Tools and Techniques, compiled by J. Rietbergen-McCracken & D. Narayan, Washington, World Bank. [Available to download from WB website. Very useful sourcebook of techniques]

There are faxes for this order.

Customer is requesting that (Boethius) completes this order.

*****THE WRITER NEEDS TO BE FAMILIAR ON HOW TO WRITE A GRANT /PROGRAM PROPOSAL
THIS IS A PROGRAM /GRANT PROPOSAL.
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE IS :

7 PAGES OF THE NEXT 4 TOPICS, IT NEEDS TO BE MASTERS LEVEL, IF YOU NEED TO CITE GO AHEAD BUT IT IS NO A REQUIREMENT BECAUSE THIS IS A PROGRAM/GRANT PROPOSAL THAT I AM DOINGlike for example statistics ,THIS IS NOT A RESEARCH PAPER, PLEASE DO NOT CONFUSE THIS PAPER , THIS PAPER IS A GRANT PROPOSAL ONLY. .I WILL BE FAXING A LOT OF STUFF, HOW TO WRITE A GRANT , WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE 4 OBJECTIVES.ONE IS FROM THE GRANTSMANSHIP CENTER ON HOW TO WRITE AND WHAT TO INCLUDE IN THE PROGRAM PLANNING AND PROPOSAL WRITING, I HAVE A LOT OF IT DONE FROM IV. METHODS TO VII. BUDGET, I AM FAXING THIS TO GIVE YOU IDEAS OF WHAT I AM REQUESTING TO HELP IN THE WRITING OF THE NEXT FOUR ITEMS I AM LACKING..
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Please try to mention each millennium development goal separately and try to examine the success or the failure of each, according to the recent data. Please be aware of plagiarism and do not copy any information directly from any source because this essay is really important to me. Please try to paraphrase while taking any information from other sources.

SOURCES: (you can use more sources if needed)
Collier, P. (2007). The Bottom Billion
Forsyth, T. (2011). Encyclopedia of International Development
Hanhimaki, J. (2008). The United Nations: a very short introduction
Sachs, J. (2005). The End of Poverty: How we can make it happen in our lifetime

I am a lawyer, who graduated from Law School in 2009. I did not really want to work as a lawyer, So from 2010 to 2013, I worked as a customer service representative in a bank. Although I did enjoy my work, but I do feel like, I am ready for a more challenging position in management, Hence my desire to study Human Resource Management and International Development MSC at the University of Manchester, England.


My interest in HR, came from LawSchool, where I did my final thesis on employment law.

2 separate essays, 15 pages each. Each essay should have several sources a citations.

ESSAY #1
BANKING AND FINANCE LAW.



TOPIC :



Critically evaluate the effect that insolvency has on the extent to which a bank may exercise its right of combination and set-off.



RECOMMENDED READINGS:



Wadsley & Penn: chap 23

Arora: pp 112-121; 124-151; chap 9

Cranston: chap 6

McCracken: The distinction between combination and set-off (1994) 9 BJIB&FL 68

Turing: Set-off and cash collateral: Three important cases of 1995 (1996) 11 JIBL 170

O?Donovan: The bankers lien and right of combination (1994) 3 IJR 1 (SLC)

Berg: Liquidation set-off: Security over Cash (1993) 8 BJIB&FL 57

Turing: Set-off and Netting: Developments in 1996 Affecting Banks (1997) 12 BJIB&FL 155



Cases:

King v British Linen Co ( 1899) 1 F 928

Tai Hing Cotton Mill v Liu Chong Hing Bank [1986] AC 80

James Clirkwood v Clydesdale Bank (1908) SC 70

Rowlandson v National Westminster Bank [1978] 3 All ER 70

Barclays Bank v Bank of England [1985] 1 All ER 385

Halesowen Presswork & Assemblies v National Westminster Bank [1971] 1 QB 1 (CA); [1972] AC 785 (HL)

MS Fashions v BCCI (in liquidation [1993] 3 WLR 220

Stein v Blake[1993] 3 WLR 718; [1995] 2 WLR 710 (HL)

High Street Services v BCCI [1993] 3 WLR 233

Re BCCI (No. 8) [1997] 3 WLR 909



Should please include a work cited page, bibliography, references etc.


----------------------------------------------------------

ESSAY #2
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT LAW.



TOPIC : DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT : MEANS & PROCEDURE.



References :



1) M. Sornarajah, The Settlement of Foreign Investment Disputes (Kluwer Law International, 2000).

2) John Collier & V. Lowe, The Settlement of Disputes in International Law: Institutions and Procedures (OUP, 2000), esp. Chaps. 3,4,& 8.

3) D,F. Vagts, Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in International Business?, in 203 Hague Recueil des Cours (1985-III), p.17.

4) A. Broches, The Convention on The Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States,? 136 Hague Recueil des Cours (1972-II), p. 331.

5) S.J. Toope, Mixed International Arbitration (1990)

6) R.Khan, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal (1990).

7) A.B. Avanessian, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in Action (1992).

8) M Hirsch, The Arbitration Mechanism of the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (1993).

9) Redfern & Hunter, International Commercial Arbitration (3rd ed.,1999).

10) The Freshfields Guide to Arbitration and ADR : Clauses in International Contracts (Kluwer).

11) P.Binder, International Commercial Arbitration in UNCITRAL Model Law Jurisdictions (Sweet & Maxwell, 2000).

12) M. Sornarajah, International Commercial Arbitration (Longman,1990).



Should also include a work cited page, references, footnotes, bibliography etc.



----------------------------------------------------------

Course is "Organizational Theory and Design" This is a Master Course-APA format-5 references cited

(the chapter is on Designing Organizations for the INternational Environment)

Paper Topic- Entering the Global Arena
Write 8 pages on the topic and 1 page (outline to present to the class) totalling 9 pages

please include the following Subtitles- Motivations for Global Expansion, Stages of International Development, Global Expansion Through Internationl Strategic Alliances

Thank you very much

All files needed to complete order are on faxfile board.

I would like to do a PhD research program on the link between economic development and Information and Communication technology (ICT) and poverty reduction. I would like to use Ethiopia as a case study or any other African country. Here my basic summery.



Every nation has embarked on economic development and an intensive usage of Information and communication technology, ICT in every socio-economic activities, health, education, politics, and production and so on. Ethiopia can not be exception, however since Ethiopia is a third world country the development and the usage of information and communication technology is wither it is in early stage or it is not exist at all. Arguably, the twenty century economic development is depending on the application and the integration of information and communication technology with all socio-economic activities. For this India can be a good example.



Some evidence indicate that some countries like Ethiopia may not have right ICT policy, as result their ambition using ICT as development vehicle has been hindered. The question is; what is the level of ICT usage in Ethiopia? Which economic policies are support the development and which policies are hinder the development? How can Ethiopia learn from develop country? Is there a link between economic development and the usage of ICT? Is there a link between poverty and digital gap? If there is, what is it? What is the best economic policy and economic environment for ICT development? How Ethiopia will narrow the digital divide? How ICT help to reduce poverty?



You may use the following source for reference as they may be relevant for the project

1 {1} V.B. Akula, Putting Technology to Work for Poverty Alleviation: A Draft Proposal for $151,030 to Develop Smart Cards for Microfinance, Swayam Krishi Sangam, Hyderabad, 2000.

2 {2} S. Balakrishnan and R. Ramnathan, State of the Art as Art of the State: Evaluating E-Governance Initiatives through Citizen Feedback, Public Affairs Centre, Bangalore, 2000.

3 {3} S. Balit, Voices for Change: Rural Women and Communication, FAO, Rome, 1999. {www.fao.org/docrep/X2550E/ X2550E00.htm }.

4 {4} Baramati Initiatives, SKS-Smart Cards: Case Study, 2001. {www.baramatiinitiatives.com/cases/case10.htm }.

5 {5} S. Beardsley, I. Beyer von Morgenstern, L. Enriquez and C. Kipping, Telecommunications Sector Reform - A Prerequisite for Networked Readiness in The Global Information Technology Report 2001-2002: Readiness for the Networked World, Oxford University Press, 2002. { www.cid.harvard.edu/cr/pdf/gitrr2002-ch11.pdf}.

6 {6} M.L. Best and C.M. Maclay, Community Internet Access in Rural Areas: Solving the Economic Sustainability Puzzle in The Global Information Technology Report 2001-2002: Readiness for the Networked World, Oxford University Press, 2002. { www.cid.harvard.edu/cr/pdf /gitrr2002_ch08.pdf}.

7 {7} S. Bhatnagar, Empowering Dairy Farmers through a Dairy Information & Services Kiosk, World Bank, Washington, DC, 2000. { www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/egov/diskcs.htm }.

8 {8} S. Bhatnagar and N. Vyas, Gyandoot: Community-Owned Rural Internet Kiosks, World Bank, Washington, DC, 2001. { www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/egov/gyandootcs.htm }.

9 Subhash C. Bhatnagar, Information and Communication Technology in Development: Cases from India, Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, 2000

10 {10} S. Cecchini, Back to Office Report: Information and Communications Technology for Poverty Reduction in Rural India, Mimeo, World Bank, Washington, DC, 2001.

11 {11} S. Cecchini, Back to Office Report: Evaluation of Gyandoot and Bhoomi and International Conferences on ICT for Development, Mimeo, World Bank, Washington, DC, 2002.

12 {12} S. Cecchini and M. Raina, Warana: The Case of an Indian Rural Community Adopting Information and Communications Technology in Information Technology in Developing Countries, Volume 12, No. 1, April 2002. { www.iimahd.ernet.in/egov/ifip/apr2002/apr2002.htm}.

13 {13} S. Cecchini and T. Shah, Information and Communications Technology as a Tool for Empowerment in Empowerment and Poverty Reduction: A Sourcebook. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2002. { www.worldbank.org/poverty/empowerment/}.

14 {14} Digital Opportunity Initiative, Creating a Development Dynamic: Final Report of the Digital Opportunity Initiative, 2001. { www.opt-init.org/framework.html }.

15 {15} E. Fernandes, The Race to Serve a Subcontinent in Financial Times, Thursday June 20, 2002.

16 {16} K. Griffin, The Political Economy of Agrarian Change, 2nd edition, London, Macmillan Press, 1979.

17 {17} R. Heeks, Information and Communication Technologies, Poverty and Development, Development Informatics Working Paper Series, Paper No. 5, 1999. { idpm.man.ac.uk/idpm/di_wp5.htm}.

18 {18} R. Heeks, Understanding e-Governance for Development. i-Government Working Paper Series, Paper No. 11, 2001. { idpm.man.ac.uk/idpm/igov11abs.htm }.

19 {19} InfoDev, InfoDev Quarterly Report, World Bank, Washington, DC, various years. {www.infodev.org/projects/quarterly.htm }.

20 {20} J. James, Pro-Poor Modes of Technical Integration into the Global Economy in Development and Change, Vol. 31, 2000, pp. 765-783.

21 {21} A. Jhunjhunwata, Unleashing Telecom and Internet in India, Paper presented at India Telecom Conference at the Asia/Pacific Research Center, Stanford University, November 2000. { www.tenet.res.irdPapers /unleash.html}.

22 {22} C. Kenny, J. Navas-Sabater and C. Quiang, Information and Communication Technologies and Poverty in World Bank, Poverty Reduction Strategies Sourcebook, 2001. { www.worldbank.org/poverty/strategies/ict/ict.htm}.

23 {23} G. Kirkman, It's More Than Just Being Connected: A Discussion of Some Issues of Information Technology and International Development, Working Paper presented at the Development E-Commerce Workshop, The Media Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August 16-17, 1999. { www.cid.harvard.edu/ciditg/resources/beingconnected.pdf}.

24 {24} S. Nanthikesan, Trends in Digital Divide, Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, November 2000. { www.undp.org/hdro/backgroundpapers/nanthikesan.doc }.

25 {25} M. Pigato, Information and Communication Technology, Poverty and Development in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, World Bank: Washington, DC, 2001. { www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/}.

26 {26} D. Richardson and L. Paisley, eds, The First Mile of Connectivity, FAO, Rome, 1998. {www.fao.org/docrep/x0295e/ x0295e00.htm}.

27 {27} A. Sharma and W. Yurcik, The Emergence of Rural Digital Libraries in India: The Gyandoot Digital Library Intranet, Proceedings of the ASIS Annual Conference (ASIS 2000), Chicago, 2000. { www.sosresearch.org/publications/asis2000.PDF}.

28 {28} K.P . Syngh Yadav, Virtually There in Centre for Science and Environment, Down to Earth Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 18, February 2001. { www.cseindia.org/html/dte/dte20010215/dte_analy.htm}.

29 {29} Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, Recommendations of the TRAI on "Universal Service Obligation", 2001. { www.trai.gov.in/USOREC.htm }.

30 {30} World Bank, itWorld Development Report 1998/99. Knowledge for Development, Oxford University Press, 1999. { www.worldbank.org/wdr/wdr98/index.htm }.

31 {31} World Bank, World Development Report 2000/01: Attacking Poverty, Oxford University Press, 2001. {www.worldbank. org/poverty/wdrpoverty/}.

32 World Bank, Information and Communication Technologies: A World Bank Group Strategy, World Bank Office of the Publisher, 2002

33 {33} World Bank, A Definition of E-Government in E-Government Website, Washington, DC, 2002. {www1.worldbank.org/ publicsector/egov/definition.htm

Position Paper - Assassination or Exploitation?
Background:
Fast forward to mid 2012. With a beleaguered President, and many new congressmen and senators, there is tremendous pressure to make progress in Afghanistan. The senior US military organization in Afghanistan is now the Joint Task Force Afghanistan (JTFA). The commander is a three star, his J3 (Operations) is a two star, and his J2 (Intelligence) is a one star. You have just been assigned to the J2 Section with duties not determined as yet. Your attendance at AMU and the number of intelligence and counterterrorism courses you have taken is known to your boss, the Assistant J2, Colonel (Col) George A. Custer IV. (Yes, he is the lineal descendant of ?Old Yellow Hair?. He is the oldest Lieutenant Colonel on active duty, and was recalled to active duty because of his experience in the Phoenix/Phung Hoang program in Vietnam.)
Col Custer has just called you in to his office, and after swearing you to secrecy, relates the following: He has just returned from the US Embassy where he attended a meeting chaired by the US Ambassador, and attended by, among others, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Chief of Station (COS), the Defense Attach? (DATT), the Commanding General (CG), JTFA, his J3 and J2, and various other members of the American Embassy, to include the Political Counselor, Chief, Political/Military Branch, Chief, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Chief, United States Information Service (USIS).
The Ambassador has called this meeting at the direct order of the Commander in Chief. It seems that a Pakistan Colonel, a longtime member of the Pakistan Intelligence Service (the ISI), now assigned to the Pakistan Embassy in Kabul, as a Military Attach? (MA), has made the following confidential approach to the US Defense Attach? (DATT): The Pakistan MA claims to know precisely where Ayman al-Zawahiri is in the Afghan/Pakistan border region. He knows this from his long-term association with an Afghan member of Al Qaeda, whom he personally recruited many years ago when the Afghan was a senior Taliban personality. The Afghan source has told his handler, still the MA, that he knows that al-Zawahiri now requires that his heart condition be monitored weekly. Currently there are three separate locations where al-Zawahiri has these tests. The specialized heart monitoring equipment are of German manufacture and were supplied by a Pakistan representative of the German firm. The machines must be inspected at least monthly. A Pakistan technician, known to the Pak MA, travels to the three locations for these inspections. The CIA has the technology to covertly install a Global Positioning System (GPS) machine in the monitoring equipment that will send a very brief "burst" transmission indicating, each time that the equipment has been put into use, and its exact location. When the above information was received by the National Security Council (NSC) and the Commander in Chief, in Washington, there was almost instant disagreement over what reaction should be taken. The Pakistan MA wants the entire posted award, USD 25 million, for his information, and assistance in recruiting the [dialysis] technician for the heart monitoring equipment who would install the CIA-supplied GPS device. (The posted reward assumes capture or killing of al-Zawahiri.) Not everyone in the NSC, the Department of Defense (DoD) and the United States Intelligence Community (USIC) thinks this a good idea. Some argue for EXPLOITING the information by recruiting the Pakistan MA who would, through his penetrations of Al Qaeda (at least two individuals, the Afghan and the Dialysis Technician), be able to provide almost continuous information on al-Zawahiri and Al Qaeda. Others want a TARGETED KILLING OR CAPTURE, if possible, as assumed by the posted reward.
The CG, JTFA, expected to be recalled by the Ambassador for a second Country Team meeting within the next two weeks, has tasked the J3 and the J2 to give him a pro and con document (a Position Paper in essay format) of the various options, in 1,500 to 2,000 words, by the end of next week, fourteen days. Your boss has passed this on to you, to prepare a pro and con document (a Position Paper in essay format) on the question of what should the US reaction be to the information provided by the Pakistan officer, now an MA in Kabul. You should ?role play? and understand that your Position Paper will be the primary source material used by the Asst J2, your boss. To be realistic this Position Paper should be in essay format, rather formal, and not ?conversational?.

- You must play the role here, and prepare your Position Paper so that Col Custer is adequately prepared to brief the J2 and J3. Remember, you must work with the information provided.
- Keep in mind that, it has gone all the way from the Defense Attache Office (DAO) to Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to the White House, and back from the President to the US Ambassador. It would be highly inappropriate for you to say you can?t do anything until more is learned about the Pakistan MA and his offer. (You also do not need to try to tell the eventual action agency how to do their job!)
- The President is telling the Ambassador to make a recommendation, based on the inputs of those at the meeting. Your memo is to help the J2 and J3 prepare the CG, JTFA, to give his evaluation of the situation to the Ambassador, and make a recommendation to the Ambassador if the Ambassador wants one (and he will!).

Additional Guidance:
1. The Position Paper must be a minimum of 1,500 words and a maximum of 2,000 words in length, so do not waste time and space by repeating everything Col Custer has told you; of course specific items can be referenced. As with other position papers you have prepared for the J2, you must used Parenthetical Citations and included a Reference list at the end of the paper.
2. The task here is to prepare a Position Paper, based primarily upon the information provided and supplemented by additional readings, for Col Custer to use, with his boss, the J2, and the J3, in their preparation of the CG for his next session with the Country Team.
3. Prior to putting pencil to paper, you should review two monographs: ?Talking the Talk?, and ?Phoenix Revisited?.
4. You should ?think out of the box?, and not limit yourself in either your analyis of the situation or the preparation of your Position Paper. As a minimum, you should identify ALL, repeat ALL, the logical options, to include ultimate exploitation of the situation using a ?pro and con? analysis of each logical option. Following is one possible approach for organizing the Essay:
A. State the 'Problem'.
B. Present your 'Recommendation' at the outset.
C. Identify relevant 'Background Information'.
D. Identify the possible 'Courses of Action' (COA)
(1) COA 1
(2) COA 2
(3) ......
E. Present an Analysis of the Courses of Action:
(1) COA 1
(a) Advantages
(b) Disadvantages
(2) COA 2
(a) Advantages
(b) Disadvantages
(3) ........
F. Recommendation
(1) Which COA?
(2) Why?

Dear Author,

I kindly ask you to prepare the sample for two chapters of my MA thesis.

In order to provide you with as much information as possible, I will send you the last version of my MA thesis prospectus. I will also provide you with the Table of contents, so that you can see what is the general idea of the paper.

It would be great if you could find the following books and use some quotations from them to back up the point:

1. The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for our Time by Jeffrey D. Sachs
2. The White Mans Burden: Why the Wests Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done so Much Ill and So Little Good by William Easterly
3. Why Foreign Aid is Not Working: THE TROUBLE WITH AFRICA by Robert Calderisi.

The two chapters that I expect you to research are:
(They have to be structured in the same order as they are placed in the table of contents.

Do strategic partnerships with the European Union and China benefit the political and economic development in Ghana?

1. Main agenda of the international development strategy for Ghana since the 1970s.
1.1. Short history of the foreign aid programs launched by the economically developed donor countries;
1.2. Analysis of the effectiveness of the previously introduced developmental programs on the basis of the HDI data;
1.3. The explicit and implicit motives of the donor countries to launch the strategic partnership programs for Ghana in the last four decades.

(This chapter will be dealing with the strategic goals of donor countries from the 1970s as well as analyze the impact of the implemented programs in the past. Some historic background will be given to the reader in order to demonstrate the way in which the impact of these initiatives reflected the fluctuations of the HDI*). It would be good if you could find some information on the development programs for Ghana, which failed to reach the goal of sustainable development (in political and economic spheres).

* HDI- human Development Index United Nations Development Programme's 2010 Human Development Index has to be used as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the development programs. The UN represents in this sense one of the most accredited and useful resource for research largely because in its status as an international organization and development agent, it has provided extensive knowledge and experience in development aid and assistance. For the purpose of the research the latest HDI has to be used extensively to offer a starting point for the analysis on the situation in Ghana. The Human Development Index is crucial because it represents a composite index taking into account several aspects of life, from infant mortality to the level of literacy among adults.

2. Analysis of the political situation in Ghana: political corruption and lack of economic transparency.
2.1. Short introduction into the political system of Ghana;
2.2. Corruption on the political level: lack of economic transparency; (in the end of this subchapter, please shortly write about the improper resource allocation, as the consequence of the lack of economic transparency (please measure the inequality of a distribution by Gini coefficient)*

2.3. The consequences of the improper resources allocation. (Explain the general trends as the further throughout analysis of the European and Chinese funds allocation figures will be given in the following chapters).

This chapter will explain why only a limited amount of finances from the foreign assistance programs reaches the people of Ghana, as well as analyze the problems in the political mechanism of resource allocation.

* The Gini coefficient is a measure of the inequality of a distribution, a value of 0 expressing total equality and a value of 1 maximal inequality. It has found application in the study of inequalities in disciplines as diverse as sociology, economics, health science, ecology, chemistry and engineering.

I hope that you will be able to find the following books to analyze the political situation in Ghana:

1. What Foreign Aid Can and Cant do in Africa: Understanding the Context of Aid and Socio-Economic Development in Ghana by Nathan Andrews.

2. Population, Health and Development in Ghana: Attaining the Millennium Development Goals edited by Chuks J. Mba and Stephen O. Kwankye.


Below, you will find the MA thesis proposal. As later I will convert it into the introduction chapter, the chapters that I expect you to research DON'T HAVE TO INCLUDE THE GENERAL INTRODUCTION (only the short introduction to the subchapters)

Introduction

Today, given the Millennium Development Goals and the overall general movement on development, there is a constant tendency of the developed countries to provide increased attention and assistance to the African continent. In this sense, the US launched its Africa Development Foundation, China, in its turn established its China-Africa Development Fund, whereas the European Commission established a large part of its strategic partnerships with African states (Mohan 2010). However, these initiatives are not without criticism. Thus, it is considered by analysts that the new development programs established by the developed countries sometimes seem to be more beneficial for the donors, rather than for the direct beneficiaries, the African continent (Boafo- Arthur & Essuman-Johnson 2004). The majority of African countries may benefit from oil and mineral resources that have the potential of transforming economies. But, the general opinion among scholars is that these resources represent more a curse than a blessing. The opponents of the foreign development programs in Africa believe that the worlds developed countries are more concerned with the potential economic benefit from African oil, copper and cobalt sources rather than with the sound end sustainable development of the African countries, in all of their economic, political, and most importantly social perspectives.
Given the nature of the debate raised by this constant discussion over foreign aid to Africa, its benefits and shortcomings, my thesis will analyse the way in which the development programs (strategic partnerships) underway in Africa benefited sustainable development. More precisely, the analysis will point out whether the new development programs encourage the transformation of the potential of natural resources into resources for human development, economic and political construction or, on the contrary, only foster the political and economic instability within some African states.
* As today the term development program has acquired a somewhat negative shade, the majority of the donors try to replace it by the more donor-friendly term strategic partnership. For that reason, the term strategic partnership is more widely used in the development sphere nowadays than the term development program. The initial name of the topic was Do Even though the name was changed, the essence of the topic is the same and the hypothesis was left unchanged.
Given the wide variety of characteristics inside the African continent, the thesis will focus on the example of Ghana and its relation with two of its important donors, the EU and China. More precisely, the focus is on the strategic partnerships undergone by the two donors and there impact on the political and economic development of Ghana. Ghana is a peaceful and stable democracy, which makes good progress toward its goal of becoming a middle-income country by 2020. In 2008 it was revealed that Ghana has substantial oil reserves which will become available in 2010.Ghana's government anticipates that oil and gas will generate about $500 million in revenues in 2011. With economic growth rates even as high as 6 per cent over recent years, Ghana is an emerging African economic success story (CIDA 2010). However, even though this country is moving fast towards its economic development, Ghana ranks 130 out of 169 countries on the United Nations Development Programme's 2010 human development index (UNDP 2010). Therefore, there is no doubt tht Ghana still needs some innovative development programs (strategic partnerships), which will let its Development indicators increase in the nearest future. Both the EU and China promise to do that with the help of their development aid programs.
Even though Ghana is known for its stability and democratic government, the country has a poor record of managing finances transparently. Therefore, there are not only doubts concerning the hidden motives of the economic powers which are conducting their strategic partnerships in Ghana, but there are also some doubts about who in Ghana will benefit from such programs (Hope 2000). In this sense, my thesis also aims to identify whether the funds from the Chinese and European strategic partnerships benefits the Ghanaian power holders, or the people of Ghana. Thus, both of the above mentioned issues, of Ghanas external and internal benefit from the EU and Chinese strategic partnerships will be discussed.



Methodology
As the thesis aims to demonstrate the real-life data on the current development of the country, the United Nations Development Programme's 2010 human development index will be used as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of one or another development program. The UN represents in this sense one of the most accredited and useful resource for research largely because in its status as an international organization and development agent, it has provided extensive knowledge and experience in development aid and assistance. For the purpose of the research the latest HDR is used extensively to offer a starting point for the analysis on the situation in Ghana. Currently, according to the 2010 HDR, Ghana is on the 130th position, in the category of low human development index (UNDP 2010). More precisely, it is considered that Ghana is still an underdeveloped country. Even so, the UN Report on Least Developed Countries does not make reference to Ghana, a fact that is encouraging for the African state (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2010).
The Human Development Index is crucial because it represents a composite index taking into account several aspects of life, from infant mortality to the level of literacy among adults. The shortcomings of the HDR consist mainly, as presented in the preface of the document, in the complete reliance on national statistics. In this sense, the facts and classifications are established according to national information sources that may be out-dated or may lack credibility.
HDR statistics will be used to process information from previous years and decades, which in turn enables a comparative analysis for economic and political development. In this sense for instance, given the fact that the international development strategy for Africa is known since the late 1970s, it is important to assess the way in which the impact of this initiative is reflected in the fluctuation of the HDI (Human Development Index). As an example, the index has slowly improved since the 80s, from 0.363 to 0.431 in 2000 to 0.467 in 2010. This improvement, by applying the cause-effect analysis method, can be viewed as a direct effect of international aid, including aid from China and the EU, or, on the other hand, as a natural development of the economic cycle. By providing input from research, scholars, and primary sources (development reports), this development will be (or will be not) demonstrated to have been a natural consequence of international assistance for development.
The Gini Coefficient (Wikipedia 2010) will be used to assess the sustainability of the development process and its inequality( 2nd chapter). In this sense, by comparison, the research points out that there is indeed a gap between the economic growth that is statistically visible and the social impact it has on the population. Better said, despite favorable economic conditions job creation has not matched economic growth, particularly in rural areas (UNDP Ghana 2010). Similar analysis will be made for other areas of the social and economic development with precise attention provided to sectors where Ghana has benefited from Chinese and European assistance such as constructions in industrial areas.



FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
1. Main agenda of the international development strategy for Ghana since the 1970s.
1.1. Short history of the foreign aid programs launched by the economiclly developed donor countries;
1.2. Analysis of the effectiveness of the previously introduced developmental programs on the basis of the HDI data;
1.3. The explicit and implicit motives of the donor countries to launch the strategic partnership programs for Ghana in the last four decades.

( This chapter will be dealing with the strategic goals of donor countries from the 1970s as well as analyze the impact of the implemented programs in the past. Some historic background will be given to the reader in order to demonstrate the way in which the impact of these initiatives reflected the fluctuations of the HDI). It would be great if you could find the examples of the development programs that were not sustainable and ??' harmed, but not benefited the economic and political development in Ghana in the past.

2. Analysis of the political situation in Ghana: political corruption and lack of economic transparency.
2.1. Short introduction into the political system of Ghana;
2.2. Corruption on the political level: lack of economic transparency;( measured by Gini coefficient)*
2.3. The consequences of the improper resources allocation. (Explain the general trends and state that the further throughout analysis of the European and Chinese funds allocation figures will be given in the following chapters).

This chapter will explain why only a limited amount of finances from the foreign assistance programs reaches the people of Ghana, as well as analyze the problems in the political mechanism of resource allocation .
3. Analysis of the EU-Ghana strategic partnership.
3.1. An overview of the EU-Ghana strategic Partnership;
3.2. The EU strategic benefit from the implementation of the program;
3.3. The allocation of the EU funds in Ghana;
3.4. The impact of the allocated funds on the political and economic development of Ghana, in terms of HDI.

In this chapter, a brief overview of the EU-Ghana relations will be given. More to this, it will be explained, why the EU decided to establish the partnership between the parties, but not to position itself as a donor for Ghana. The impact of the strategic partnership on the economic and political development of Ghana will be measured. The results will be compared to those of China, in order to analyze, which foreign aid model (a donor or a partner) is more effective in terms of positive impact on the political and economic development in Ghana. (HDI)

4. Analysis of the Chinese strategic partnership, launched by the China-Africa Development Fund.
3.1. An overview of the Chinese program for Ghana development, launched by the China-Africa Development Fund;
3.2. Chinese potential benefit from the introduction of the program in Ghana;
3.3. The allocation of the Chinese funds in Ghana;
3.4. The impact of the allocated funds on the political and economic development of the state.

In this chapter I will describe current relations between Ghana and one of its major donors, China. In this chapter, it will be explained what are the potential political and economic motives that drive China to become a donor for Ghana. The results will be measured.(HDI)

Each subchapter should contribute to answering the research question in one, or another way. MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION is the name of the topic. Second, less important research question is Who benefits more from the strategic partnerships: the EU/China, or Ghana?


If you will have any further questions, please, don't hesitate to contact me
Regards
Julia

There are faxes for this order.

Customer is requesting that (Serban) completes this order.

Below is the fellowship I am applying for. Please make sure that you read this position carefully before drafting the Goal Statement. Just to tell you briefly about myself, I plan to graduate after completing my MA in International Services in Dec 2007. I plan in working in the international development sector after my graduation. I have also pasted my resume below. The question that needs to be addressed in the Goal Statement is as follows:

An Educational and Career Goal Statement, not to exceed 350 words, describing what the applicant expects from the experience and how it will contribute to his/her professional growth.

Application for:

The Deloitte Fellowship in Emergency Preparedness


The Nonprofit Roundtable of Greater Washington is requesting applications for The Deloitte Fellowship in Emergency Preparedness.


Project and Position Overview
The selected Fellow will work with Deloitte & Touche USA LLP and its project collaborator, The Nonprofit Roundtable, to develop a strategic plan that defines the National Capital Region (NCR) nonprofit sector's role in emergency response and recovery. This plan will be designed to work in concert with, and address concerns in, the NCRs Homeland Security Strategic Plan.

The work will be performed in collaboration with nonprofit agency stakeholders and government and business leaders, including the Nonprofit Emergency Preparedness Task Force and local emergency management agencies. The Fellow will report to the Project Managers represented by each of the collaborating organizations namely, the Nonprofit Roundtables Emergency Preparedness Director and Deloitte & Touche USAs Chief of Staff for Federal Government Services.

Duties
The Deloitte Emergency Preparedness Fellow will conduct the primary research and writing during three key phases of the project: Nonprofit Stakeholder Assessment, Analysis of the NCR Strategic Plan, and Roadmap Development. Some of the key tasks within each area are described below. The Project Managers and other subject-matter specialists will provide guidance and oversight during the conduct of all of these activities:

Nonprofit Stakeholder Assessment
o Develop an initial work plan and schedule of deliverables
o Develop a methodology and rating system for stakeholder assessment
o Conduct stakeholder assessment interviews
o Conduct external research on stakeholders
Analysis of the NCR Strategic Plan
o Identify relevant initiatives outlined in the NCR Homeland Security Strategic Plan
o Maps these initiatives to the nonprofits capabilities as assessed earlier
o Highlight capability gaps to inform the final phase
Roadmap Development
o Prepare a final Stakeholder Assessment document detailing the identified capability gaps
o Propose a set of recommended actions for addressing critical Emergency Preparedness weaknesses
o Assist with initial planning for tabletop exercises that could help reduce or eliminate preparedness gaps

Qualifications
Current graduate/post graduate student with outstanding skills or training in strategic planning, research and writing. A demonstrated interest and/or background in homeland security/emergency management and/or the nonprofit sector are a plus.

Fellowship Duration and Work Hours
The Deloitte Emergency Preparedness Fellowship is for one year, commencing approximately in May, 2007. Over the course of the year, the actual time commitment of the position will vary by week depending on the workload at specific points of the project. The Project Managers can be somewhat flexible in consideration of the Fellows academic commitments, but expect that hours during any given week could vary from none through full-time (e.g., 40 hours/week). Typical weeks would likely be somewhere in the middle (e.g., approximately 20 hours/week). The Fellowship work plan and budget are designed on the assumption that total hours during the course of the year will be approximately 1,000.

Compensation
The Deloitte Fellow will be paid a monthly stipend of $2,100.00 during the one-year project. Some compensation will also be provided for local travel/commuting required in the performance of this Fellowship.


Selection Criteria
The following criteria, in no particular order of importance, will be used to select the Fellow:
Work experience, especially in the area of strategic planning and research (experience in Emergency Preparedness and/or nonprofit sector is a plus);
Academic record
Written communications skills, assessed through review of the Educational and Career Goal Statement and any sample papers submitted by candidate
References from professors or supervisors
Oral communications skills, assessed through one or more in-person interviews for selected candidates
Resume:

PRATYASHA THAPA
7015 Lawnwood Court Telephone: 703-868-6489
Fort Belvoir, VA 22060 E-mail: [email protected]


EDUCATION
American University, Washington, DC, December 2007
M.A. International Communication

Randolph-Macon Womens College, Lynchburg, VA, May 2004
B.A. Communications, Concentration: International Studies


Malpi International College, Kathmandu Nepal, Aug 2000 May 2001
Exchange Student Program, International Studies

Millersville University, Millersville, PA, May 2002 Aug 2002
Exchange Student Program, General Studies


Relevant Courses:

International Communication, Introduction to Mass Media, Cultural Communication, International Development, Urban Development, Women Environment and Development, Women and Development in South Asia, Community Development, International Development, Health and Development, World Economy and Sustainable Development, Comparative Development Strategies, Cross-Cultural Communication, Communication, Social and Economic Development.

Research Areas:

Women and Development: A South Asian perspective.
The analysis discusses how, as many economies began to industrialize, many theorists began to explore the link between development and women's issues. It examines how women have been traditionally excluded from models of economic development and how their roles were always secondary, as a means of facilitating men's contributions to the economy. Critical review of various approaches that looks at structural adjustment programs and women and gender relations in the household.

Bridging the Gap, Ethnographic Study of a United Nations Development Program for Women in Rural Nepal. The analysis explores the role of United Nations and its programs in the lives of rural women in Nepal. In addition, it also argues for the need to take account of women and gender considerations into development efforts at every level.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:

The Advocacy Project, Washington, DC
Development Intern, May 2006 August 2006

Provided support to the Internship Coordinator for the summer 2006 field internship program that sends out about 15 graduate students to work overseas
Built a database of NGOs that worked on issues of human rights and advocacy
Assisted in developing portfolios of our partner organizations
Participated in all staff and strategic meetings
Updated AP's contacts database
Assisted with event planning activities

Law Offices of Lewis and Associates/Lewis Settlement Group, Inc., Arlington, VA
Processor, June 2004 June 2005

Processed residential and commercial loans and executed all functions to finalize the deal
Analyzed clients data and financial statements to help execute the loans and decisions.
Researched preparing final title policies, drafting HUD statements, confirming client financial settlement information, and arranging final payoff.


PRATYASHA THAPA
7015 Lawnwood Court Telephone: 703-868-6489
Fort Belvoir, VA 22060 E-mail: [email protected]


Established and maintained collaborative workingrelationships with title search firms, lenders, banks, mortgage companies, and attorneys.
Assisted in advising, implementing and reevaluating financial strategy based on clients preference.
Coordinates arrangements and schedules for closings, conducting meetings in absence of closing agents.

UN Development Program/Mainstreaming Gender Equity Program, Kathmandu, Nepal
Intern, January 2000 August 2001, May 2003 September 2003

Coordinated and assisted in promotion through program on right to information, gender equality, information technology for development participation, bottom-up planning, knowledge sharing and networking and exploration of public-private partnerships.
Assisted the field officials promoting sustainable livelihood by organizing woman for self-employment.
Helped set target group and assisted in organizing women and men Self-Help Group (SHG) to develop their capabilities to function as savings and credit groups to enhance planning and implementing livelihood strategies.
Played an active role in community-based rural industrialization for sustainable development.
Conducted surveys and quantitative analysis in serving areas and its impacts of our services and presented the analysis report to the team leaders.
Attended seminars and discussions pertaining to operational strategies for financing and improving access to health and cost-efficient methods of protecting the environment with special focus on energy sector.


Randolph-Macon Womens College, Lynchburg, VA
Student Research Assistant, August 2002-May 2003

Chosen to collaborate with Quillian Scholar in research exploring Women, Environment, and Development.
Coordinated and assisted in conducting several seminars on Women and Development, primarily focusing on South Asia.
Actively participated in a yearlong research project examining the role of international organizations towards the improvement of the status of women in developing countries.

Maiti Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
Intern, June 1999 August 2000

Played an active role in prevention of sex trade, transit and rehabilitation program through out Nepal.
Assisted with the awareness and advocacy campaigns to enhance the programs.
Conducted research and assisted on program development.
Helped in the grant writers by putting together proposals and meeting the datelines.
Advocated against the battered women and child labor.


SKILLS
Excellent written and communication skills
Strong analytical and research skills
Computer Skills: MS Office (Word, Excel, Access, PowerPoint and Project Management, Statistical Packages (SAS), STATA.

ACTIVITES
Secretary, Club Asia
Active Member, Pan World Club

LANGUAGES
English & Nepali: Fluent - Written and Verbal
Hindi working knowledge


Thank you very much. Please let me know if you have any question at [email protected]

Informal settlements in Papua New Guinea.

Examining AusAID PNG Program, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and PNG Sustainable Development Program (SDP) by OTML in slum upgrading. Research paper to include answering:

1. What are the proven successful interventions at the local level that advance MDG attainment, and what role have local governments played in such efforts?
2. What are the inter-linkages between national and local-level systems that work in favor of scaling up proven interventions for the attainment of MDGs at the local level?
3. What are the comparative advantages of local governments for engaging in national efforts to accelerate MDG achievement, and what is the scope of local governments role?
4. How can local government be sufficiently empowered to guide MDG localization efforts? How could they be supported to play an effective coordination and guidance role of parallel initiatives at the local level to ensure a deeper impact on the MDGs and towards the improvement of peoples lives?
5. To what degree are local government seen as key players in pursuing the MDGs?
6. What successful pro-poor service delivery innovations have been led by local governments? Or are local governments largely the implementers of centrally and donor-led pro-poor service delivery?
7. Is the choice of decentralizing services to local governments attractive to national actors in view of other options under the broad rubric of decentralization, such as deconcentration, special operating agencies, working through community organizations, or contracting with the private sector? Under what conditions does the track
8. What role can local governments play in crisis, post crisis and vulnerable settings and what are the limitations of their role?
9. Can strengthening local governments be an effective strategy for supporting poverty reduction and the MDGs in a fragile or post-conflict situation?
10. What considerations need to be taken into account when seeking to localize development interventions in a fragile and post-crisis context?
11. Are these development interventions at the local level consistent with an effective long-run system of intergovernmental relations?
12. What role have local governments played in long-term processes of state-building? What are the factors that enabled them to play such a role? At what stage of development does this important role come into play, and when is it recognized and supported by the state?
13. How does policy reforms can unlock the potential of local governments in promoting and supporting food security?
14. How can local governments have a measurable impact on food security?
15. What are the potential connections that can be developed between local governments, national ministries and international organizations?
16. How can the capacities of local governments to deal with food security be enhanced?
17. What are the ways to ensure that local government interventions geared towards food security target the most vulnerable populations?
18. How can local government authorities incorporate all four elements of food security into their operations to combat food insecurity?
19. How can local governments ensure that food security actions are part of a program of both fiscal and environmental sustainability?
20. What role should local governments play towards the promotion of local economic development? How would the scope of such a role be different in the case of underdeveloped LG system, an operational/evolving or an advanced one and in the case of a rural or urban setting?
21. What is needed to enable local governments to play an effective role in LED promotion? Specifically, what policies, legal and regulatory, institutional and capacity inputs as well as financing options will be needed and what are the challenges usually faced in securing them?
22. Where local governments have performed effectively towards the promotion of local economic development, what where the factors that facilitated their success? What were the factors that have contributed to ineffective performance of others?
23. What has been the contribution of sub-national economies to national economic growth? Is there coloration between level of autonomy (and other factors) on the one hand and performance and level of contribution to national income on the other?
24. What are the limitations of the role that local governments can play in climate adaptation and mitigation?
25. How have central governments, their line ministries, national and international development agencies and professionals successfully supported local governments to play a decisive role in addressing climate vulnerability?
26. What kinds of support (resources, training, advising, equipment, infrastructure, social security systems) do local governments need from other institutions??"government and non-government??"to better fight vulnerability or to enable adaptation and increase basic wellbeing?
27. What kinds of analysis and research might enable local governments to fight vulnerability directly or through engagement with higher-level government and international institutions?
28. Could Local Governments play a role in promoting gender equity? If so, how can they become vehicles for gender equitable local development?
29. Does decentralization advance gender equality and womens rights?
30. How can local development be constituted and implemented such that it advances womens political and economic agency, empowerment and human rights?
31. Most importantly what are the consequences of not advancing womens political and economic agency, empowerment and human rights in local development?
32. How can a nuanced understanding of the political and institutional dynamics of decentralization be productively used to help shape decentralization in challenging environments, where some of the very actors (internal and external) engaged in such dynamics have important roles in defining, influencing or managing the implementation of such reforms and hold the keys to empowering local governments?
33. Which actors (governmental and nongovernmental, internal and external) could be appropriately and productively involved in conducting pragmatic political economy analysis of decentralization? What type of process should they be expected to follow? How could their work be reviewed by and disseminated to a broader base of interested/affected parties?
34. Given the frequent shifts in governments, civil servants, and development partner staff, and the effect this can have on decentralization policy, how can political economy analysis reveal feasible reforms that can be somewhat insulated from such turnover?
35. If political economy analysis reveals certain powerful actors who do not support decentralization when it is an official policy, what options might there be for advancing reforms? What role can internal and external actors who wish to promote reforms (even in such adverse environments) play in developing concrete steps to help overcome existing constraints and tackle difficult challenges?
36. What can national governments do to help to ensure that development partner support to decentralization follows key principles of aid effectiveness (ownership, alignment and harmonization)? What can be done to facilitate a national consensus on decentralization and how to develop it? Is government coherence on the issues a pre-condition for effective harmonization?
37. How can development partners and governments individually and collectively assess tradeoffs involved in applying the prevailing aid effectiveness principles? Once specific decisions are made about how to proceed, what are the most effective mechanisms and procedures for managing and overseeing the process?
38. What mechanisms have development partners used to align and harmonize aid for decentralization? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? Are certain mechanisms more effective in general or in particular situations? Is there any scope for new types of mechanisms, processes and agreements?
39. How can DFGsupport be mainstreamed into the PFM/PSM and sectoral reforms undertaken to achieve the MDGs?
40. Are there tensions between achieving MDGs and long-term institution-building at both the national and subnational level?
41. How can central governments promote private sector finance at the local level? What empowers municipalities financially? What type of legal and regulatory framework promotes local borrowing? What policies promote creditworthiness? How can the central government help lower default risk?
42. How can donor countries promote private sector finance at the local level? How could donors help develop bankable projects? What type of guarantees could donors provide? How could donors promote rating agencies? 43. What initiatives can the private sector take to take advantage of (and thus help promote) the municipal debt market? How could the private sector generate more long-term capital? How can the private sector function as an effective financial intermediary? What does it take to formulate a mutually effective public-private partnership for the local government and the private sector?
How can LGAs in aid-receiving countries help shape the agenda and modalities of external aid? What can LGAs do to improve the effectiveness of decentralized cooperation? How could LGAs take a greater and direct role in delivering aid-financed programs for local government capacity-building? What aid delivery models could leverage the comparative advantages of the worldwide network of LGAs? What are the obstacles that prevent LGAs from becoming an expanded and effective channel of external aid to developmental LG?








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The poverty problematic is a very important issue in International development. Alleviating poverty has become a top priority for different international non-governmental organizations as well as governments. However, organization such as the World Bank, UN, etc. use different means to measure poverty. The differences in measuring poverty creates more problems in assessing poverty around the world. This paper should clearly show how different organizations such as the World Bank, UN, and other INGOs measure poverty and how these differences affect international development as a whole.

The paper should make use of in-text citations APA style and academic sources as much as possible.
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Customer is requesting that
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Customer is requesting that (bolavens) completes this order.

Hello,

what is needed is an application letter giving an idea about the motivation for applying to the phd in international development studies. Perfectly written order needed.

On Sunday, March 7, Iraq will conduct its second national election since the U.S. lead invasion toppled Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein in 2003. Many observers speculate this election will not only determine the future of Iraq, but it could also dramatically change the present United States ??" Iraqi relationship regarding issues ranging from the presence of U.S. troops in Iraq to Iraqs growing preeminence in the region. However the outcome, this election will force both the United States and Iraqi governments to make some hard decisions about their respective futures.

In preparation for the elections aftermath, you have been tasked to draft a strategy paper incorporating three of the scenarios presented below. The three scenarios listed are considered possible challenges to the USGs continued commitment to Iraq. Any of these scenarios could easily change our relationship with Iraq, militarily or otherwise. As such, your paper must address not only the potential implications of specific scenarios to the U.S. military, but also their impact on all facets of the United states Government (USG) as well.

1. If post-election violence surges, will the Obama Administration continue its present schedule regarding the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq?

2. What USG agencies will continue to play a vital role in Iraq? How do you envision the Department of State, Central Intelligence Agency, United States Agency for International Development, Department of Justice, and others supporting USG interests in Iraq? At what point does Iraqi sovereignty become an issue regarding continuing USG interagency involvement in Iraq?

3. If post-elections violence surges, will the Iraq government allow U.S. troops to remain in Iraq past the previously agreed dates of departure?