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1. Describe the impediments to, and reasons for, the development of civil rights from 1877 to 1940.
Reconstruction had failed, leading to unresolved issues and the entrenchment of racist institutions in the social, economic, and political fabric of American life. After the formal end of Reconstruction in 1877, many impediments to civil rights were in fact legal but also ideological. Due to the lack of formal legal protections for African Americans, civil rights movements remained critical, particularly given the sinister nature of Jim Crow.
2. Discuss some of the major laws and events related to civil rights since 1940.
World War Two did have a major bearing on civil rights legislation, particularly as it led to the de-segregation of the American armed forces in 1948. The 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v Board of Education was also a major event signaling a shift in civil rights law in America. Then throughout the 1950s, grassroots civil rights movements including those led by Dr. Martin Luther King placed increased pressure on society, leading to a series of meaningful events culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
3. Explain who took the initiative in pushing for these laws and events.
All Americans passionate about their nation and convinced that racism had no role to play in the American consciousness and identity would have pushed for civil rights laws. A large number of Americans supported civil rights. African Americans were joined by other minority and disenfranchised groups in pushing for equality and civil rights. For example, the civil rights movement coincided with LGBTQ rights movements, women’s rights movements, and movements for the rights of persons with disabilities.
4. What is affirmative action, and do you think it is still needed?
Affirmative action will remain necessary for some time, for several reasons. Affirmative action refers to the deliberate consideration of race, ethnicity, or another demographic variable, to allow formerly marginalized persons or groups to have access to power. It is impossible for women and people of color to access positions and pathways of power if they do not receive the social support necessary, and that social support comes from the conscious transformation of organizations into more welcoming and diverse entities. Furthermore, affirmative action helps to undo the persistent effects of white privilege and male privilege.
The Role of Federalism, Foreign Tariffs and the Western Territories: The period before the American Civil war coincided with the evolution of the modern American federal court system, particularly with respect to the nature of the relationship and the respective authority of the federal government and sovereign state courts (Murrin 2006). Landmark Supreme Court cases had begun chipping away at the rights of states to decide issues related to slavery, but
The movement merely asked the founding fathers of this country to live up to their promises and provide freedom and equal opportunities for all. In the early phases of the civil rights movement leaders asked the government to live up to its promises and provide equal opportunities from all. It received much support from minorities and even whites living in the United States. After the period of 1965, considered the 'highlight'
The History of US Marshals in Civil Rights Era The American society was polarized with the African Americans having a lower edge of protection as opposed to the white majority. The state vowed to protect them against harm but in doing so, formulated a federal agency to carry it out swiftly. U.S. marshals are held in high regard in society since they serve the American people. During slavery, a federal agency
130). Although their white masters generally exposed them to Christianity, enslaved people adopted only parts of the white religion and mixed it with elements of their own beliefs. Even though the family was not generally a legally sanctioned unit on plantations, the basic roles of mothers, fathers, and grandparents in rearing children did exist. Families could be severed and separated at the whim and desire of the slave owners, but families
During the mid 1960s, "highly public demonstrations" (525) became more popular and gained momentum among the community because popular and significant individuals close to the cause supported them. The power and attention these protest garnered illustrated just how serious African-Americans were in achieving their goals. The protests proved to the people that they could do more than they thought they could. They could accomplish things even though they were
These two laws constituted the real beginning of the end for Jim Crow laws and practices. EMPOWERING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT The civil rights movement may have gained impetus and cooperation among people with differing opinions and goals from what Canady (1998) called the "animating principle," or the principle that got people of differing views and backgrounds working effectively together: the idea that dignity was the right of all men, women