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Gastrointestinal Tract: Disorders of Motility
According to Ramsay and Carr (2011), the stomach’s main function is food preparation for digestion as well as absorption by the intestines. In the words of the authors, “acid production is the unique and central component of the stomach’s contribution to the digestive process” (Ramsay and Carr, 2011, p. 977). The parietal cells are responsible for the secretion of acid in the stomach. As Lascelles and Donaldson (2012) point out, the relevance of gastric acid in the digestive process cannot be overstated. This is more so the case given that it comes in handy in the creation of a pH that is ideal or favorable for not only pepsin, but also gastric lipase. It is also important to note that the pancreatic bicarbonate secretion is stimulated by gastric acid. It is food that initiates the secretion of acid. In this case, the taste, smell, or even thought of food does have an impact on what Lascelles and Donaldson (2012) refer to as “vagal stimulation of the gastrin-secreting G cells” (103). Once gastrin is in circulation, histamine is released. It is the said histamine that leads to the parietal cells stimulation and the subsequent secretion of acid. This results in a pH drop which in turn leads to somatostatin release by the antral D cells. As a consequence, the release of gastrin is inhibited. As Lascelles and Donaldson (2012)...
To begin with, HCO3 and mucus production leads to the creation of a pH gradient which, in the words of Lascelles and Donaldson (2012) runs “from the gastric lumen (low pH) to the mucosa (neutral pH)” (104). In basic terms, a barrier is created by the mucus to pepsin and acid diffusion. Next, it should also be noted that any acid that diffuses past or beyond the epithelial layer is removed by mucosal blood flow. Excess hydrogen ions, on the other hand, are removed by epithelial cells.
Gastritis, PUD, and GERD, are predisposed by factors that tend to impede or inhibit the mucosal defenses identified above. To begin with, gastritis has got to do with the erosion, irritation, or inflammation of the stomach lining (Taylor, 2012). Gastritis, according to Pooler (2009) could either be grouped as chronic or acute. In essence, acute gastritis, in the words of the author, “is characterized by an acute mucosal inflammatory process, usually transient in nature” (885). As the author further points out, the condition is in most cases associated with bacterial toxins or alcohol, and aspirin as well as other NSAIDs (Pooler, 2009).
On the other hand, when it comes to chronic gastritis, Pooler (2009) points out that the same is “characterized by the absence of grossly visible erosions and the presence…
Gastrointestinal Tract: Disorders of Motility 1. The secretion of acid by the stomach is promoted by three phases. These, according to Huether and McCance (2017) are the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and the intestinal phase. As the authors further point out, while the cephalic phase is prompted by the smell, thought as well as taste of food, the gastric phase is prompted by stomach distention. The last phase, i.e. the intestinal phase,
There can also be changes to the ways in which the body defends itself against these acidic secretions; increased acid exposure can seriously damage or even destroy portions which are given undo exposure. For example, in some patients, the stomach is unable to defend itself from the caustic nature of the acid, which creates lesions in the lining, called gastric ulcers. How Age Might Impact the Pathophysiology of GERD, PUD,
The Normal Pathophysiology of Gastric Acid Stimulation and Production In the words of Phan, Benhammou, and Pisegna (2015), “gastric acid secretion by parietal cells occurs in the fundus of the stomach, and is intricately regulated by various neuronal (vagal), paracrine (histamine, somatostatin) and hormonal factors” (387). As the authors further point out, there are two key phases in gastric acid secretion. These are the cephalic phase and the gastric phases. While
Cellular Function How do cells in a multicellular organism communicate with one another? Cells communicate by chemical signals. Chemical signals are passed from one cell to another for example saccharomyces cerevisiae, the yeast of bread; wine identifies potential mates by chemical signaling. Direct contact, cell to cell. Through formation of connections or cellular junctions to neighboring cells. By use of receptors whereby signaling molecules bind. Forming groups' i.e. group together in a colony. Communicate using light. Through chemical
Introduction Motility represents the stomach muscle’s contractions that allow the mix and push of contents within the gastrointestinal tract (GI). Motility is a term generally used for reference to any of the various gastro disorders where there is a loss in ability to control muscular activities resulting from endogenous or exogenous triggers (Ghoshal, 2016). Such disorders may be considered primary or secondary. These disorders may present in different ways. From constipation,
After three weeks, crying was decreased in both groups, but the Lactobacillus reuteri infants demonstrated the greater reduction, from a mean of 370 minutes of crying per day at the beginning of the study to 35 minutes at the end. The placebo group's mean crying time went down from a mean of 300 minutes per day to 90 minutes per day. Stool examination also demonstrated a considerable decrease in