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3). Indeed, given its complex nature, many researchers believe that even the best tests cannot accurately measure human intelligence, and developing computer-based applications that can simulate intelligence are therefore limited by a lack of definitional clarity. In this regard, Marcus and Rossi conclude that, “Intelligence is a multidimensional variable, and no one test could possibly ever be definitive truly to measure it” (2016, p. 4).
While the Turing test represented an innovative approach when it was developed, the test has since become more of an “exercise in deception” instead of a “true measure of anything especially correlated with intelligence” (Marcus & Rossi, 2016, p. 4). As an example, Marcus and Rossi cite the chatbot “Eugene Goostman” who purportedly was the first AI application to pass the Turing test by deceiving one-third of a panel of judges into believing it was a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy with limited English fluency. The program even responded appropriately to a joke from a human judge, an attribute that Hofstadter (1985) maintains is an essential element of intelligence.
According to a report from Aamonth (2014), this seminal event essentially confirmed Turing’s original prediction that AI would become sufficiently advanced by 2000 to trick humans into believing they were other humans at least 30% of the time. The Goostman chatbot, however, succeeded in deceiving human judges by “mainly ducking questions and returning canned one-liners; it cannot see, it cannot think, and it is certainly a long way from genuine artificial general intelligence” (Marcus & Rossi, 2016, p. 4). The ability to “return canned one-liners” is also a characteristic of the Chinese Room argument that has also been used to underscore the fundamental differences between simulating intelligence and possessing true intelligence as discussed further below.
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Bibliography Daniel Dennett (1998) Brainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds. MIT Press, 1998. Arthur R. Jensen (1998) Does IQ matter? Commentary, pages 20-21, November 1998. John McCarthy (1959) Programs with Common Sense in Mechanisation of Thought Processes, Proceedings of the Symposium of the National Physics Laboratory, pages 77-84, London, U.K., 1959. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. John McCarthy (1989) Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common Sense. In Richmond Thomason, editor, Philosophical Logic and Artificial Intelligence. Kluver Ac John
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