Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
The historic year of 1910, which was marked by South Africa's unification, saw an attempt to develop a national prison and punitive policy. This goal was encapsulated within the 13th Act of 1911 (Prisons and Reformatories Act) as well as within the establishment of a Prisons Department. The Act served to revoke, partially or completely, every penal system-related law in place within the country's four colonies prior to its unification (i.e., laws implemented between 1902 and 1910) (Singh, 2005). Nooshin Erfani-Ghadimi claims that prisons in the nation are often overpopulated, thereby overburdening their ventilation, sanitation, and healthcare facilities. Single cells may be used to house three inmates while the communal cells that are meant to house forty inmates may be packed with twice that amount of inmates, forcing them to sleep in triple or double bunks (Smith-Spark, 2014).Brazil's Justice Ministry is in charge of the nation's prison system, whose management comes under National Penitentiary Department duties. In the year 2013, the nation's prisons housed 581,000 inmates, making its incarcerated population the 4th largest worldwide. Of these, 557,000 were held in jails while the rest were detained within police facilities. Brazil's prison system comprises of a total of 1,598 facilities. Every single one of these is excessively overpopulated. On account of the nation's glaring failure in managing its prison system, particularly in terms of capacity,...
Most Brazilian incarceration facilities are state-managed with the remaining being under Federal Government management. They are equipped to keep extremely dangerous convicts found guilty of engaging in organized criminal activities at bay (Bruha, 2015).
Indian prisons and prison administrations fall under the jurisdiction of state governments. The Indian Constitution's Schedule VII (State List), Item IV addresses this area. State governments are solely in charge of prison administration and management, which is regulated by the 1894 Prisons Act as well as individual states' Prison manuals (Ali, 2014). Prisons in India also suffer from overcrowding. The average day of an inmate is tough. A majority of them remain waiting for word, and visits, from family members and lawyers. Indian prison healthcare facilities and the psychological assessment of inmates may be deemed as being at the most basic stage. Nevertheless, the prison system in the nation incorporates a mechanism that allows jailed convicts to communicate directly with judges and resolve any problems they face.
There are a few features that are common to Indian, South African and Brazilian prison systems. Firstly, each of these nations' prison systems is burdened by overcrowding issues. Overcrowding and a large number of imprisonment sentences do not necessarily mean growing crime. A key reason behind this issue…
In principle, the United States should follow international treaties only if it is a signatory to that specific treaty. However, the Supreme Court of the United States cannot ignore international standards completely either. There are several reasons for this. The world is becoming more and more globalized. Large numbers of immigrants have flocked to the United States in the last several decades and likewise American military and the FBI increasingly
Ideally, diversion should take place at the earliest stages of juvenile justice processing, to refer a youth to essential services and avert further involvement in the system. On the other hand, diversion mechanisms can be put into place at later stages of justice processing, to avoid further penetration into the system and expensive out-of-home placements. Efforts to keep youth out of the juvenile justice system who otherwise would be processed
Juvenile Justice System currently faces a number of challenges in dealing with delinquency. Many of those problems are underlying problems such as mental health issues, child abuse, child neglect, lack of funding, and the disconnection between professions dealing with children, all of which contribute to delinquency. The high incidence of child abuse and child neglect, in particularly, have been directly linked to delinquency and must be sufficiently addressed. In the
Juvenile Justice The Juvenile Criminal Justice System Juvenile courts and detention separate from adult courts is a relatively new concept (ABA, 2010). Before the turn of the twentieth century, the cases for individuals of all ages were managed by the same criminal and civil courts, and the same sentences were handed out to all parties. Of course, this has changed to a great extent since 1899 in the United States, but there
This Act was more focused on preventing juvenile delinquency and separating the juveniles from the adults in the correction facilities. It was argued that the juveniles learnt even worse crimes and became more radical criminals if detained together with the adult offenders. This was more pronounced during the 'Progressive Era' with proponents like Morrison Swift suggesting that the juvenile delinquents only benefited to learn more criminal tactics from the
The rest were charged only with minor offenses. The harshness of punishment in such cases appears to be disproportional to the crime. Indeed, Macallair states that the system was originally implemented to target the "worst of the worst." This does not appear to be the case in reality. A further problem specific to Florida entails the disproportionate representation of race in cases transferred to the adult court system. According to