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Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis or MS refers to an autoimmune, chronic condition which impacts physical movement, function and sensation. The problem sets in following neuron insulation destruction (i.e., myelin sheath destruction) within an individual’s central nervous system (CNS) (Cengage Learning, 2013). Symptoms of the disorder start showing up at early adulthood, greatly impacting patients’ domestic, social, and professional lives. As the absence of myelin retards action potential conduct, the disorder is manifested as performance impairment, having a potential destructive influence on patient behavior. MS often entails a relatively progressive onset of behavioral deficiencies and neurological symptoms (Hoang & Shepherd, 2010).
Multiple Sclerosis and Nervous System
Chronic, advancing cognitive deterioration within multiple sclerosis has been ascribed to a neuro-pathological, neurodegenerative disease process (in other words, diffused brain atrophy and axonal destruction). Additionally, atrophy and white matter lesions are known to play a significant part in cognitive dysfunction among individuals diagnosed with MS; however, latest research proves grey matter lesions might be greatly influencing cognitive function (Rocca, Pravata & Valsasina, 2015).
Grey and white matter tissue inflammation within the central nervous system, on account of cytokine and focal immune cells’ infiltration, is initially responsible for MS-connected...
A large number of research works indicate that CD4+ T cells or Th (T helper) cells intervene and their adaptive immune reactions triggered through T lymphocyte- APC (antigen presenting cell) interaction contribute greatly to MS onset and further development. Pathogen-linked molecules join concurrently with toll-like APC receptors; further, release of interleukin IL-4, IL-23, IL-12, and other cytokines triggers differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th1, Th17 or Th2 phenotypes that are capable of releasing special cytokines. Type II interferon or interferon gamma (IFN?) and TNF-? (tumor necrosis factor alpha) represent pro-inflammatory cytokines which are crucial to adaptive and intrinsic immunity. Th1 cells release such cytokines, which can promote inflammation through Th2 differentiation suppression. Th2 cells produce IL-13 and IL-4 (i.e., anti-inflammatory cytokines), both of which similarly affect immune cells. The former secretes matrix metalloproteinase, particularly at the time of allergic inflammation, while the latter decreases pathological inflammation through increasing M2/repair macrophages and alternatively activating pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages. Th17 – also a type of CD4+ T cell – induces various cytokines that promote inflammation (Ghasemi, Razavi & Nikzad, 2017).
Treatment of MS
Multiple sclerosis has no cure or disease prevention approach, as of the year 2016. Treatment differs based on symptom acuteness and range. A few…
Multiple Sclerosis Samira Ghaniwala Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease caused by activated T cells that gain entry into the central nervous system. The injury results from inflammation and T cell destruction. There are typical symptoms that co relate with the area involved. There are also remissions and relapses which can be triggered by certain factors. Diagnosis of the disease requires visualization of the lesions in the central white matter, on an
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease. It affects the brain and spinal cord, and damages the covers that insulate the nerve cells. When these covers are damaged, the nervous system experiences a breakdown in communication. This causes a wide range of symptoms and signs that can affect numerous areas of the body. Mental and physical problems appear, along with a host of psychiatric issues in some patients. Multiple sclerosis can
) between 20 and 50. Studies have shown that people with multiple sclerosis who exercise: c.) have less fatigue How many people in the United States are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis every week? A b.) about 200 ("Take the FDA Consumer") Dealing with Depression As depression is reportedly the most common psychiatric disorder in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, those caring for MS patients who express any sort of suicidal ideation should be closely monitored and referred
Its priorities are intergenerational programs for older but active citizens, which support independent living. These include housing, access to work, education, training and leisure, transition planning for younger disabled people and local action for the stigma of mental health problems (Department of Health p 8). National Multiple Sclerosis Society NMSS was organized in 1946 by those who want to do something about MS now (NMSS, 2010). They work together towards a
Once the nerve fibers are damaged, the nerve impulses that travel to and from the brain and spinal cord are interrupted, causing the variety of symptoms that can occur. Most people with MS learn to manage the disease and continue to have satisfying, useful, and positive lives. Signs and Symptoms Symptoms vary widely, depending on the amount of damage and which particular nerves are affected. People with severe cases of multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is, in basic terms, an inflammatory condition whereby an individual's immune system attacks, and causes damage to the protective sheath covering the nerves (also referred to as myelin) thereby disrupting normal communication between the spinal cord, the brain, and the rest of the body. Myelin provides some form of cover to the nerves, and when it is damaged, nervous axons, which are responsible for the conduction of