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9/11 served as the catalyst for these wars and also amplified the fragmentation of the Muslim world as in-fighting escalated into factional wars from Yemen to Syria. To say that Muslims are an ethnic group would be highly misleading because there are so many varieties of Islam (it is akin to saying Christians or Jews are ethnicities -- it is simply not true). However, in America, the Muslim population is fragmented. Indeed, as Bakalian and Bozorgmehr (2005) show, 9/11 led to many Muslim Americans mobilizing in the face of bias and anti-Muslim immigration laws.
Prior to 9/11 Muslim American communities had been targeted by authorities -- especially in the 1960s and 1970s when Muslim American leader like Malcolm X was assassinated, followed later by the assassination of Black Panther leader Fred Hampton. Mohammed Ali was targeted for his refusal to fight in Vietnam as well as for his outspoken criticism of the cultural and political Establishment in America. These individuals inspired the next generation of Muslim Americans led by such diverse men as Louis Farrakhan to Chuck D. of Public Enemy (Turner, 2003, p. xxviii). Thus even before 9/11, the Muslim American population was sensitive to and aware of its outsider status, which was understood to be the effect of numerous causes -- from racism to moral and religious bias to cultural prejudice. The centralization of power in America by white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) and Zionists meant that Muslims would never have a comfortable or welcomed place in American society (Haddad, 2001). The leadership of men like Malcolm X helped many African-American Muslims to become self-conscious and politically activated -- but Arab-American Muslim population did not particularly benefit from this approach as it was primarily oriented towards African-Americans. For this reason…
USA PATRIOT Act: Discussion Questions The USA PATRIOT Act, as the Department of Justice (2014) points out was enacted by Congress with an aim of equipping those charged with the enhancement of law and order with new tools to not only combat but also prevent acts of terror. An acronym, the PATRIOT Act, in the words of Ronczkowski (2006, p. 64), is "formally known as the Uniting and Strengthening America by
America": A Semi-Structured Interview with Mohammed "Mo" Hadi Semi-Structured Interview Questions and Summary of Responses (impromptu follow-up questions are italicized): Question No. When and why did you come to the United States? I arrived in America in early 2008 to attend engineering school. Question No. Where are you from originally? Lahore, Pakistan Question No. Do you have a large family in Pakistan? [laughs] Yes, we have a very large family, especially compared to most Americans I have met. Both of
Playwright Israel Zangwill Is United States of America in the second decade of 21st century a melting pot -- the kind of melting pot that was envisaged by Israel Zangwill close to 104 years ago? The answer is an overwhelming no. Today more than ever there is no one idea of Americanness or American culture that is acceptable across the board. Most of this is attributable to the differences in the
1990, United States government passed the Hate Crimes Statistics Act. This mandated that state, local and federal law enforcement agencies report data on crimes that reflected a bias against a person's race, religion, sexual orientation, and/or ethnicity/national origin. Several years later, people with disabilities were added to this list. Data collection was placed under the auger of the FBI, which complied by publishing an annual report through its Uniform
Ciftci, S. (2012). Islamophobia and threat perceptions: Explaining anti-Muslim sentiment in the West. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 32(3): 292-309. This article examines the "nuanced" expressions of anti-Muslim sentiment in the West with a focus on the specific expressions linking Muslims to acts of terroristic violence. The attitudes are tested in the U.S., UK, France, Germany and Spain. The study concludes that the higher level of education an individual has, the less
Race in a Polarized USAOne of the big political sticking points of the 2016 US presidential campaign was immigration. Many on the Left viewed Trump�s campaign promise to build a wall to keep out illegal immigrants coming across the Mexico-US border as discriminatory, xenophobic, hateful, and bigoted. Those on the Right viewed it as a common sense approach to addressing a legitimate issue of concern. Race and ethnicity colored the