¶ … Surplus Value The part of the working day that is required only to produce the value paid by the capitalist that is equal to the labor-power has been considered as being the constant magnitude by the Marxian economists, provided the current conditions of production and at a particular stage of economic develop is a specific time period. Beyond that particular period of time, the necessary labor-time, the laborer can work up to any number of hours. For example, the worker might be working for 2,3,4,6 and so on hours in a day. It is important to note here that the length of a single working day and the rate of surplus value are dependent on the value of the prolongation of total working hours in a day. Even though the necessary labor-time is considered to be constant in this matter, it is seen that the total working hours in a day varied.

The prolongation of the surplus-labor in this case would be associated with the shortening of the required labor, or a part of the labor; and the time that was consumed previously, in fact, for the benefit of the laborer, would then be considered as labor-time for the profit of the capitalist. Therefore, an alteration would be seen, not in the time duration of the working day, but in the division that is important pertaining to the surplus-labor time and labor-time.

On the other hand, it is quite obvious that the length of the surplus-labor is provided, when the duration of the working as well as the value of the labor-power has been provided. The labor-time that is required to produce labor-power, which is known as the value of labor-power, is the determinant of the labor-time that is required for the production of that specific value. In one working hour is viewed as being six pieces, and the value of that particular day's labor-power is viewed as five shillings, then the laborer has to work 10 hours in a day. 10 hours are required in order to replace the value that has been paid by capital for this labor-power, or to produce the value that is necessary or equal to the provision of a single day's sustenance.

Therefore,...

The only factor that is necessary for the production of a certain quantity of commodities is the shortening of the duration of the labor-time.
In order for the employers to make a significant fall in the value of labor-power, it is important for the increase in productivity of labor to get hold of the aspects of industry that are required for the determination of the value of labor-power, and thus they are either associated with the category of customary means of subsistence, or have the capability of providing the place with those means. However, it should be noted here that the value of a certain product is only determined by the quantity of the labor, which the worker directly provides to the product, but also depends on the labor contained in terms of production. For example, the value of a pair of shoes is not only determined by the labor of the cobbler, but also on the value of the thread, wax, leather and any other thing that was used in the production of that shoe. Therefore, a decrease in the value of labor-power also comes about by an increase in the productivity of labor, and by an associated decline in the cost of the commodities in the industries where the supply of raw materials and the instruments of labor, which are responsible for the formation of the material substances of the constant capital that is required for the production of the necessary things in life. However, an increase in the productivity of labor in those departments of industry that do not supply the necessities of life, not the means of production for those necessary products, does not have an impact on the value of labor-power.

In order for further explain what has been said above, we shall consider this example. If the labor in hour is viewed as being divided into sixpence, then the production in a working day based on 12 hours will be six shillings.…