This paper examines Australia's escalating obesity epidemic and the Australian Medical Association's (AMA) position in support of a government-proposed commodity tax on high-fat foods. It defines obesity using WHO standards, outlines Australia's ranking as the fourth most obese nation globally, and reviews the financial and health costs associated with rising obesity rates. The paper surveys existing anti-obesity initiatives — including the star rating system, the recognition of obesity as a chronic disease, and Queensland's collaborative public health campaigns — before presenting the AMA's recommended two-way approach of taxing fat foods while subsidizing healthier alternatives. Both supporting evidence and counterarguments are assessed.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity refers to the accumulation of an excessive amount of fat in the body. Obesity and overweight are both measured using the Body Mass Index (BMI), which compares a person's weight to the square of their height, expressed as kg/m². A BMI between 25 and 29 indicates overweight, while a BMI that equals or exceeds 30 indicates obesity. Essentially, obesity arises when the energy calories consumed fail to balance with those expended — an imbalance driven by increased consumption of high-fat diets and inadequate levels of physical activity. Obesity raises the risk of non-communicable ailments such as diabetes, heart failure, and cancer. Effective obesity prevention would therefore go a long way in reducing the prevalence of these conditions.
The rates of obesity in Australia have been rising notably. Australia, with an adult obesity rate of 28.3%, ranks fourth in the world — after the United States, Mexico, and New Zealand. This trend is particularly worrying because the associated costs are also rising. The Australian Medical Association (AMA) has been at the forefront of supporting and implementing campaigns aimed at reducing obesity rates and ensuring a healthy population. The AMA therefore fully supports the government's proposal to impose additional commodity taxes on high-fat foods.
The AMA is an association of doctors that seeks to ensure the well-being of its members and their patients through the advancement of community health. The AMA works by either devising its own initiatives or facilitating the implementation of federal campaigns aimed at addressing serious health concerns (Australian Medical Association, 2013). It has been vocal on the issue of obesity and overweight. The increasing rates of obesity in the country continue to be a significant challenge for all stakeholders, including the AMA.
Through its 'Shrinking the Nation's Waistline' agenda, the AMA has advocated for a reduction in the intake of fatty diets and an increase in physical activity levels (Australian Medical Association, 2013). The star food rating system and a physical-activity-facilitating plan for urban development are among the AMA's most significant obesity-prevention campaigns (Australian Medical Association, 2013). Obesity is, to a large extent, a barrier to good health — and it is because of this, "and its effect as a driver of health care spending," that it must be prevented. Such prevention strategies will always receive the AMA's support (Australian Medical Association, 2013).
Since 1980, obesity rates worldwide have nearly doubled (WHO, 2013). This can be attributed to the increased use of low-cost, high-fat diets and declining physical activity levels — the latter resulting largely from the sedentary nature of most modern jobs (WHO, 2013). Obesity rates are, however, higher in some countries than in others. Australia has one of the highest rates of adult obesity growth (OECD, 2001, p. 54). Obese adults constituted only 11% of the total population in 1989, but by 2012 this figure had risen drastically to 28% (ESSA, 2013). The country currently occupies the fourth position worldwide, with 28.3% of the population classified as obese and a further 40% as overweight (Australian Medical Association, 2013). According to the OECD, Australia is among those countries in which "one out of five people (men and women combined) aged 15 years and over are defined as obese" (2001, p. 54).
These increasing obesity rates translate directly into rising associated costs. In 2005, Australia's health system incurred direct costs of approximately $21 billion from obesity and weight-related complications alone (Australian Medical Association, 2013). Given that obesity rates have continued to climb since then, these costs will undoubtedly be even higher today. Furthermore, individuals battling obesity and overweight incur additional healthcare costs of approximately 30% in treatment and weight-management programs (ESSA, 2013). These finances could otherwise be directed toward other revenue-generating or beneficial projects.
Beyond the financial burden, obesity imposes serious health complications. It has been found to increase the risk of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain forms of cancer. Obesity accounts for 44% of the diabetes burden, between 7% and 41% of the cancer burden, and 23% of the cardiovascular disease burden (WHO, 2013). These complications rank among the greatest causes of death, not only in Australia but globally (WHO, 2013). In Queensland alone, approximately 22,000 obesity-related deaths are reported each year (Nutrition Australia, 2012).
Additionally, obesity imposes serious self-esteem challenges. Those affected frequently turn to "inspiration limited to unrealistic shows like 'The Biggest Loser', encouraging them to tame serious health risks to make a change" (ESSA, 2013).
Obesity is a significant barrier to both communal health and economic success. The federal government, civil society, NGOs, and other relevant stakeholders have been at the forefront of devising strategies to curb its spread.
The star rating system, conceptualized by the AMA and recently approved by the relevant ministries, is one of the most significant developments in this area (FOE, 2013). It is designed to guide consumer choices toward healthier diets. The nutrient content of packaged foods will be represented by star formations on a scale of one-half to five stars — the healthier the food, the higher the number of stars (FOE, 2013).
Another significant development was the adoption of "a policy that recognizes obesity as a disease requiring a range of medical interventions" (ESSA, 2013). The AMA adopted this policy in June 2013, aiming to change the medical community's traditional approach to obesity management. Such a move could also prompt the government to increase its financial support for related interventions (ESSA, 2013).
Other stakeholders have also played significant roles in the fight against obesity in Australia. Organizations such as Obesity Australia have been central to both policy formulation and public awareness initiatives. In September 2013, a number of institutions collectively drafted a letter to Coca-Cola, asking the company to "stop weight-washing the issue of obesity with expensive advertising, and instead take practical steps to address the core drivers of weight gain" (Nutrition Australia, 2013).
A number of health groups in Queensland have collaborated in the fight against obesity at the state level (Nutrition Australia, 2012). Through a campaign titled 'Swap It, Don't Stop It,' the coalition seeks to reduce obesity by raising public awareness about small but meaningful behavioral changes — including healthier dietary choices and increased daily movement (Nutrition Australia, 2012). These initiatives represent only a portion of the many actions already undertaken by the AMA and other stakeholders in the fight against obesity.
"Star rating system, disease recognition, organizational efforts"
"Government fat tax proposal and AMA's two-way approach"
"Evidence supporting the tax and key objections raised"
Sacks, G. (2011). Is a 'Fat Tax' the Answer to Australia's Obesity Crisis? The Conversation. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/is-a-fat-tax-the-answer-to-australias-obesity-crisis-3712
WHO. (2013). Obesity and Overweight. World Health Organization. Retrieved from
You’re 62% through this paper. Sign up to read the remaining 3 sections.
Sign Up Now — Instant Access Already a member? Log inAlways verify citation format against your institution’s current style guide requirements.