Project Affirmative Action and Uniform Guidelines
Affirmative action has a long history in the United States, dating back to President Franklin D. Roosevelt averting a march on Washington, DC by 100,000 African American men protesting racial hiring biases in the defense industry. Since that time, a large number of executive orders and legislative acts have been signed into law, which limits the ability of the military, government agencies, and business to be selective in who they hire, promote, and fire. Although falling short of establishing policies that attempt to compensate for past wrongs against underrepresented demographics, current affirmative action guidelines are designed to eventually achieve workplace diversity through attrition and fair selection processes.
History of Underwater Archeological Sites in the United States
This paper examines underwater archaeology in the U.S. The paper discusses excavation techniques, tools and technology and also explores the Clovis theory. The paper also reviews findings at several submerged North American prehistoric archeological sites.
Underwater survey and excavation are typically more expensive and logistically more complex than comparable terrestrial projects. Underwater conditions involve more variability from site to site, and even from hour to hour at the same site. All survey and excavation work is constrained by safety factors; in general the deeper the site, the less time that a scuba diver can remain at that depth. Other factors that are frequently less than ideal include water currents, temperature, and visibility.
Life Experience of Personal Care Assistants in Anchorage Cross-Cultural Caring of Older Adults
The increase in racial and ethnic diversity in the United States and specifically in Anchorage Alaska and the compelling evidence of ethnic health disparities (Smedley, Stith and Nelson, 2002) makes the incorporation of ethnogeriatric perspective into the practice of geriatric health care of critical importance. Reported are the "federally designated racial and ethnic groups…[of]…"American Indian/Alaska Native, African American/Black, Asian American, Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander, Hispanic/Latino American, and white/Caucasian American…" (McBride, 2012, p.1) Also reported are "vast differences or heterogeneity…found between and within these categories related to health beliefs and practices, access and utilization of health care, health risks, family dynamics and caregiving, decision making process and priorities, and response to interventions and changes in health care policies." (McBride & Lewis, 2004; McBride, Morioka-Douglas, & Yeo, 1996; McCabe & Cuellar, 1994; Richardson, 1996; Villa, Cuellar, & Yeo, 1993; Yeo, McCabe, Talamantes, Henderson, Scott, & Yee, 1996 in: McBride, 2012, p.1) Additionally reported is that the heterogeneity within each of the categories of ethnic/racial minority older persons such as sociodemographic characteristics, modes of social interaction and communication, health and healing belief systems, learning behaviors, and certain values and traditions…" all of which "contribute degrees of complexity to the delivery of culturally sensitive health care." (Yeo, McCabe, Henderson, Talamantes, Scott & Yee, 1996 in: McBride, 2012, p.1) The study reported in this work is a qualitative phenomenological research study that examines the experiences of personal care assistants in Anchorage, Alaska.