Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Essays

According to the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), normal children are expected to whine, talk back, argue, disobey and occasionally defy their parents. That's just part of the "normal…

Living with ADHD is a challenge by itself. When this is compounded with additional disorders the situation can easily become intolerable. In this essay the nexus between ADHD and several other disorders is examined with a view to not only understanding comorbidity but to also suggest new vistas of inquiry into the problem

This paper focuses on Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in children. It offers a literature review of peer reviewed articles from 5 years or later and also research on techniques and methods to help identify and observe self-regulating within children, a key way to control these kinds of behavioral disorders.

Autism is a disorder that starts early in the childhood and stays until adulthood. It has now been known that many conditions are considered co morbid to autism spectrum disorders. These conditions are variable but some of the most common ones include fragile X syndrome and epilepsy. Furthermore, it is noted that autism most likely affects areas such as communication, social interaction and behavior of the person. Therefore, there is a strong tendency for the person to develop different psychiatric disorders. Some of the common disorders that are linked with autism include attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder. Many researchers also went onto look into chromosomal abnormalities in children who are affected with autism. Due to this reason, syndrome association such as fragile X syndrome was also discovered. This research goes on to show that Autism is co morbid with many psychiatric conditions such as ADHD, and OCD (Simonoff et.al, 2008; Leyfer et. al, 2006) Furthermore, a positive correlation has also been noted between autism and increased immunological response in the gastrointestinal tract (Lau et.al, 2013) It was also noted that children who are autistic are also likely to develop childhood onset schizophrenia (Rapoport et,al , 2009) and seizures (Valvo et.al, 2013)

The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is a 21-item clinician administered and scored scale that is designed to measure a person's mood and symptoms related to depression. The BDI-II was designed to conform to the DSM-IV depression diagnostic criteria and represents a substantial improvement over its predecessor, the original Beck Depression Inventory. The BDI-II has been used both as a research measure (its primary intended use) and to assist with the clinical diagnosis of depression. The BDI-II has been subject to numerous empirical studies designed to measure its internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, criterion validity, and construct validity and the test demonstrates acceptable psychometric qualities, but there have been some concerns with its use. This paper reviews the development of the BDI-II, its psychometric properties, uses, strengths, and weaknesses. Advantages and disadvantages of using the BDI-II and recommendations for future research regarding its use are also discussed.