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Statistics
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What is Statistics?

Statistics is the mathematical discipline concerned with collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data to support conclusions and decisions. It appears across an unusually wide range of academic courses — from psychology and labor economics to public health, criminal justice, aviation safety, and counseling program evaluation. What makes it academically interesting is precisely this versatility: statistical reasoning provides a common language for fields that otherwise share little methodology, allowing researchers to move from raw numbers to defensible claims about behavior, policy, and risk.

The student papers archived here reflect that breadth. Some take a descriptive approach, using data analysis to characterize specific phenomena such as attendance patterns in baseball or everyday applications of statistics in sports. Others apply quantitative techniques to social and policy questions, including social welfare programs, labor economics, and correctional officer studies. Several papers engage with comparative analysis — weighing cases against each other, as seen in the aviation safety versus driving comparison — while others work through applied or capstone contexts such as perinatal loss support and counseling program evaluation. Across these approaches, concepts like the Durbin-Watson test signal that technical fluency with specific measures also carries weight.

A strong essay on statistics grounds its thesis in a clearly defined analytical question rather than simply reporting numbers. Evidence carries most weight when it is tied to an explicit method — explaining not just what the data show but how the analysis was conducted and why that method suits the question. A common pitfall is treating statistical findings as self-explanatory; every result requires interpretation that connects the numbers back to the real-world context being studied.

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Research Paper Doctorate
Reparations owed to descendants of African slaves in America
¶ … Rogerian style arguing for the stand that reparation should be paid, or is owed by the United States Government for the African-Americans, the descendants of the African slaves. It has 5 sources.
Research Paper Undergraduate
The historical evolution of domestic violence recognition and legal protections
Evolution of Domestic Violence to Today: What it Is, and How We See It
Paper Undergraduate
Visual data representation and housing affordability in Alexandria
Tufte (2001) and other ambassadors of the visual display of data have shown us how easily it is to understand complex data when it is graphically represented in ways that our minds are designed to understand. Tufte argues that "experience with the analysis of data…is essential for achieving precision and grace in the presence of statistics, .but even textbook of graphical design are silent about how to think about numbers" (Tufte, 2001, p. 104). Tufke remarks, that "Illustrators too often see their work as an exclusively artistic enterprise—the words "creative," "concept," and "style" combine regularly in all possible permutations—a Big Think jargon for the small task of constructing a time-series a few data points long" (Tufte, 2001, p. 204). Visual display of data has other uses than simply an elegant way to view, appreciate, and analyze data. The process of completing a graphic display of data forces the issue of data integrity and completion of data sets. When data is missing in a graphic display, it is glaringly apparent. And the process of figuring out how to arrange data for best display generates an awareness of the assumptions that undergird the data collection—and ultimately, the data analysis. When creating a visual display of data, the analyst has cause to "muse on the ineffable origins of…insights" (Gladwell, 2007, p. 40) . The analyst admits, if only privately, that "There are ten different things it can mean…--all of those are possibilities. You can't just look at one behavior [or data point] in isolation" (Gladwell, 2007, p. 43). When the data just doesn't come together, we might do well to recall Averch's caveat, that "If we believe that the information to be gained by evaluation should be proportional to the decision makers' needs, time, budget, and attention, then conventional quantitative evaluations may be infeasible or inappropriate" (n.d., p. 292).
Thesis Undergraduate
Gender and culture in criminal justice and capital punishment
Comparing the rates of crime and punishment in the United States as a whole to various individual regions and states, and to other countries in the world can provide very useful information regarding criminal justice policies in the nation. Through such measurement and comparisons, programs that work—and those that do not—can be identified, expanded, adjusted, or eliminated as warranted by the evidence. On a deeper level, understanding such information can tell a society a lot about its attitudes towards crime and various "types" or demographics of criminals, potentially exposing not only more fundamental societal issues but also cultural values, perspectives, and ethics.
Essay Doctorate
The Producer Price Index for commodities: measurement and historical analysis
1. Producer Price Index (PPI) Commodities. The Producer Price Index (PPI) Commodities is the official measure of producer prices in the US. It is the instrument that measures the average changes in prices that producers receive for their labor. Until 1978, the PPI was known as the Wholesale Price Index, or WPI. It is published by the Statistics and complied by the Federal Government and remains one of the oldest systems of statistical data. Its historical origin lies in the 1891 U.S. Senate resolution which authorized the Senate Committee on Finance to investigate the effects of the tariff laws "upon the imports and exports, the growth, development, production, and prices of agricultural and manufactured articles at home and abroad."(BLS Handbook of Methods)
Paper Masters
Youth unemployment in America and Europe during economic crisis
This paper compares two articles from European-based newspapers (one German, the other British) with two articles in American newspapers. The American newspaper articles tend to be more individualistic and localized in their content. They focus more exclusively on America and are less concerned with contextualizing the issue in an international perspective.
Research Paper Doctorate
Title I HIV/AIDS funding and healthcare services in Miami-Dade County
¶ … programs and actions taken by health agencies to support cities and communities in their fight against the spread of HIV and AIDS virus. It will also discuss the demographic information of cities with high rate of…
Research Paper Doctorate
Post-treatment anxiety and recurrence fear in early-stage breast cancer survivors
Project Title: Women who chose Lumpectomy Over Prophylactic Mastectomy as Treatment for Early Stage Breast Cancer May have an Increased Risk for Post-Treatment Anxiety Regarding Fear of Recurrence.
Research Paper Doctorate
Heroin use: pharmacological effects and health consequences in Australia
Drug addiction has been the scourge of our times. Heroin and cocaine especially are the leading cause of imprisonment in the civilized world. (Johnson, 1973) The anti-drug lobbies aver with statistics that show that…
Research Paper Doctorate
Health hazards and consequences of binge drinking among college students
Individuals make numerous choices throughout their lives that shape the course of their future, both for the better and the worse. College is one of the first times most individuals face various challenges, both…