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¶ … Airline crew resource management [...] crash of United Airlines flight 232. I believe the crew on flight 232 did everything possible they could to save the aircraft and lives at that point in time and under the circumstances, and that cockpit resource management {CRM) played a large part in their survival and success in saving lives.
The crew literally "flew by the seat of their pants" during this crisis on July 19, 1989. No one had ever experienced the failure of all three hydraulic systems in flight, and there had never been training or simulator training of this occurrence. The crew had to develop a strategy as they learned what the plane would and would not do. Captain Al Haynes was in command on the flight deck that day, but the three crewmembers worked together, along with an off-duty training captain on board the aircraft, do discover how to even remotely control the flight path of the aircraft. Haynes notes they flew by saying, "What do you want to do, I don't know, and let's try this, and you think that'll work, beats me, and that's about the way it went, really" (Haynes, 1991). The crew found they could control the aircraft by using the remaining #1 engine to turn the aircraft gently in the direction they hoped to go, but there were no hydraulics -- no ailerons, no flaps, nothing else to control the plane's path. In the flight recorder transcripts of the flight, the cockpit crew can be heard working together to handle the problems as they come up, and this is a clear example of CRM at work during a crisis. Haynes continues, "So if I hadn't used [Command Leadership Resource Training]...
Communication was terse, but to the point, and because the crewmembers worked together as a team, and discussed their options and results, they played on each other's strengths and weaknesses, and they stayed in constant communication with ATC. Haynes noted in has after the accident comments that communication was one of the most important factors in the cockpit, and the results, where only 112 passengers and crew were lost, while 185 survived the devastating crash indicate the success of their communication efforts.
If the plane's wingtip had not touched down a second before the landing gear, probably many more people would have survived the crisis. The crew labored to keep the plane level on landing, and actually touched down on the edge of the runway just short of the centerline, an amazing feat considering they could not control the aircraft. However, the right wingtip touched down as the landing gear hit the runway, and the wing spun the plane, and then broke off, spilling fuel and causing the resulting fire. Had the wingtip not touched down, the plane was still traveling too fast for a normal landing, but it might not have cartwheeled.
All the crewmembers, including off-duty United personnel were involved in the communication process. The flight attendants prepared the passengers for a crash…
References
Haynes, Al. (1991). The Crash of United Flight 232. Retrieved from the Yarchive.net Web site: http://yarchive.net/air/airliners/dc10_sioux_city.html 2 Oct. 2004.
Kanki, B.G. (1996). Stress and Aircrew Performance: A Team-Level Perspective. In Stress and Human Performance, Driskell, J.E. & Salas, E. (Eds.) (pp. 127-159). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Salas, E., Burke, C.S., Bowers, C.A., & Wilson, K.A. (2001). Team Training in the Skies: Does Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training Work? Human Factors, 43(4), 641+.
Crew resource management can basically be described as a series of training processes that are used in environments that are prone to human error that contribute to devastating effects. These procedures have become critical in the aviation industry since they are used to enhance air safety through addressing interpersonal communication, decision making, and leadership in the cockpit. Since its inception, crew resource management has actually contributed to statistically a safer
CRM Crew resource management Evolving Concepts of CRM CRM is a process, which aims at preventing aviation accidents and incidents by progressing crew performance through an advanced understanding of human factor concepts. It involves the understanding of how crewmembers attitudes and behaviors influence safety, using the crew as an asset of training, and creating opportunities for them to evaluate their behavior and make decisions on various ways to improve controller teamwork. Notably, crews
(Kanki, 2010, pp. 452-460) ("Air Crew Training Manual," 2007) In 2006, the guidelines were revised even further with the introduction of Air Crew Coordination Training Enhanced (ACT-E). Under this approach all aviators are given this kind of training from the start of the program. Once they are assigned to a squadron, is when they will have this training further augmented. The way that this takes place, they will have an
The study made a comparison of the performance of the crew in two types of equipment.CRM failures were note to lead to a general increase in the number of mishaps (56% due to CRM failure). Discussion The development of Crew Resource Management came as response to the new revelations on the causes of aircraft accidents that followed the introduction of flight and cockpit voice recorders into the modern aircraft jets. Information
6). In crisis scenarios, a team holds the same objectives. Even when individual crew members have specific roles, responsibilities, and duties the entire cockpit works together as a whole. A collective response to a crisis will be better timed than a response executed by the same number of single-minded individuals. Collective action by a team ensures coordination of behaviors and effective emergency management. Teamwork also encourages crew members to
CRM Flight crew resource management is the science of training flight crews to interact and communicate in a highly authoritarian environment while at the same time making use of the intelligence and professional resources of all the members of a flight crew. In the cockpit, the captain is in unquestionable control of the airplane because he is ultimately responsible for all aspects of the flight, including hardware, equipment and personnel on