Egypt evolution & International elations
Egyptian evolution and International elation
The Egyptian evolution & International elations
Politics
Egypt is the oldest country in existence and the most populated amongst the Arab world. The unusual significance this country possesses is due to its historical, regional, political and geographical aspects. In January 2011, masses started protesting at Tahrir Square in Cairo against the 30-year dictatorship of President Hosni Mubarak, fueled by social injustices, deteriorating law and order system and corruption in public offices, the protests continued till 18 days and resulted in Mubarak's resignation on 11th February 2011. After the interim military control from February 2011 to May 2012, Mohammad Morsi of Islamic brotherhood became the fifth president of Egypt on 24th June 2012. The uprising of Egypt changed the Arab world as it inspired demonstrations in Lybia, Syria and other Muslim countries. Besides other economic, legal and social issues, the new regime faces an uphill…...
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References
Goldstone, J. (1980), "Theories of revolutions: the third generation, World Politics 32, 1980:425-53
Lewis-Beck, S.M. (1979), Some economic effects of revolution: models, measurement, and the Cuban evidence, American Journal of Sociology, 84(5), pp. 1127-1149.
Pearson, F.S. & Rochester, J.M. (1988), International Relations, New York: Macmillan.
Stone, L. (1966), Theories of revolution, World Politics, 18(2), pp. 159-176.
Mubarak instated sweeping reforms that liberalized Egyptian economic policy within a neoliberal framework, but those reforms came at the price of repression, oppression, and corruption leading to widespread income disparity and disenfranchisement especially among the male youth population. Inspired in part by a similar revolution in Tunisia, the protesters in Cairo successfully toppled the Mubarak regime and became part of what has been dubbed the Arab Spring. Critical to the 2011 revolution in Egypt were the participation of women in the political sphere and also the use of social media to facilitate, hasten, communicate, and organize the movement. One protestor famously said, "We use Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world," (Chebib & Sohail, 2011, p. 139).
Without a doubt, "social media played an instrumental role in the success of the anti-government protests that led to the resignation of the country's dictatorial leader," (Eltantawy…...
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References
Aouragh, M. & Alexander, A. (2011). The Arab Spring| The Egyptian Experience: Sense and Nonsense of the Internet Revolution. International Journal of Communication 5(1):15
Chebib, N.K. & Sohail, R.M. (2011). The reasons social media contributed to the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. International Journal of Business Research and Management 2(3): 139.
Eltantwany, N. & Wiest, J.B.(2011). The Arab Spring| Social Media in the Egyptian Revolution: Reconsidering Resource Mobilization Theory. International Journal of Communication 5(1): 18.
Hafez, S. (2012). No longer a bargain: Women, masculinity, and the Egyptian uprising. American Ethnologist 39(1): 37-42.
Egyptian Advertising Imagery
Marketing Considerations for Egypt
Egypt is a country prime for expansion by U.S. based companies. With a population of over 81 million people, there is great opportunity for growth. It is the second-largest county in the Middle East and Africa and citizens have a high appreciation for high quality and high-end brands, particularly American brands. Despite the global economic crisis that began in 2009, Egypt managed to sustain a 4.7% growth in GDP -- an enviable rate for most countries -- largely due to strong growth fundamentals, effective market reforms and a proactive government stimulus (Melewar et al., 2000).
Before a company ventures into the Middle East, certain considerations must be given to proper advertising and marketing. A comprehensive understanding of the culture is required. Given recent civil unrest in the region, it is important to always address respect for the individual. This concern for human rights is a part…...
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References
Cavalluzzo, J. (2011). Egypt's Cultural Revolution. Social Policy, 41(4), 75-77.
Smith, P. (2011). Advertising in the age of revolution. Middle East, (423), 66-69.
Melewar, T.C., Turnbull, S., & Balabanis, G. (2000). International advertising strategies of multinational enterprises in the Middle East. International Journal Of Advertising, 19(4), 529-547.
evolution in Egypt_
Modern citizens hardly make decisions in a social vacuum. This underscore the role social media plays in determining decisions that people make. Social media influences what modern citizens know and how they feel about it. It therefore plays an integral role in influencing the masses. Trends in groups start after one person has taken a stand. This person's stand then influences others creating a cascade effect (Krebs, 2006). Cascades and numbers are integral in unconventional warfare like the revolution that was experienced in Egypt. In today's world users of social networks readily use information received from search network. A person will most likely be drawn into a stand that has been taken by his family members, neighbors, and casual acquaintances. Groups in social networks are easily influenced by the behavior of their members, key opinion leaders, as well as those with connections with them. These groups, opinion…...
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References List
Aziz, M.A. & Hussein, Y. (2002). The President, the Son, and the Military: Succession in Egypt.
Arab Studies Journal, 9(10), 73 -- 88.
Gladwell, M. (2002). Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. New York:
At which point, they were seen as a neutral between the two different sides. ("Egypt Revolution," 2011)
The protestors played a role in the conflict, by pushing for various changes to take place. This is despite the fact that they were: attacked, some of their key leaders were sent to jail and access the Internet was shut down. Yet, despite these different obstacles the underlying message would spread through the social networking site Facebook. This is when many of the protestors would become united and galvanized under a common cause. Where, this would push them to continue with their demonstrations; until their issues surrounding: the frustrations with the government and lack of opportunity were addressed (starting with the resignation of President Mubarak). This is important, because it shows how the Facebook page would help to: unite the protestors under one common cause and it kept the momentum of the movement…...
Role of Democracy in the Middle East
There has recently been a wave of democratic uprisings sweeping across the Middle East. Starting in Tunisia, the call for democratic reforms spread through Egypt, Bahrain, Yemen, Jordan, Syria, Iran and many other nations. Many have likened these uprisings to the social unrest of 1848, which gave rise to the Communist Revolution of 1917, but they do so wrongly. hile the popular uprisings that continue to inflame the Middle East may have some of the same causes as in 1848, rising food prices and high unemployment, the current unrest lacks the ideological component. The protestors do not want to destroy their government, they want to reform it. In this way the uprisings of 2011 are more akin toward the establishment of a Rousseau-inspired representative republic in that the people were demanding, not a complete social restructuring, but a representative form of government that…...
Egyptians of all classes and ages took part in the protests, united in demands and ambitions such as improved wages, improved conditions of working, and political freedom. However, it was the surprising figures of young individuals who took part in the demonstrations that provided drive to the revolt. The young individuals were also key to maintaining the uprising given that numerous meet in Tahrir (Liberation) Square in Cairo as well as other cities across the nation. Egyptian youth are actually the faces behind this leaderless uprising; the revolution was generally impelled by their skill in utilizing social media to gain attention (oudi-Fahimi, El Feki & Tsai, 2011). The new youth backed, and at times, instigated by women is now an aware global citizen, refusing to bear the inability of its rulers to be with the times and provide means of development and rapidly changing economic and social paradigms.
Apart from redefining…...
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References
Aday, S., Farrell, H., Lynch, M., Sides, J., & Freelon, D. (2012). Blogs and bullet II-New media and conflict after the Arab spring (No. 80). Peaceworks. United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
Al-Natour, M. (2012). The role of women in the Egyptian 25th January revolution. Journal of International Women's Studies, 13(5), 59.
Auer, M. R. (2011). The policy sciences of social media. Policy Studies Journal, 39(4), 709-736.
Contributions of Mohamed Talaat Pasha Harb to Egypt’s National Development and Banking System
Brief Biography
Born on 25th November, 1867 in Cairo’s El- Gammalia, Mohamed Talaat Pasha Harb is considered one among the greatest personalities who contributed to Egypt’s overall national growth and development. He studied art, science, economics, literature, and French. After acquiring a law degree, he commenced his career in the role of translator in the Royal Circuits’ Lawsuits Section, responsible for state- owned farmland. Though favoring free enterprise, he was quick to climb the rungs of the career ladder, landing the position of lawsuits section manager (53-75)3.
His subsequent posts as manager were at various organizations including Kom Ombo Company (a firm that actively reclaimed and sold land) and the Egyptian Real- Estate Company (where he ensured citizens of Egypt held most of the shares). He penned numerous books, including “The Economic Remedy of Egypt and Creating the bank for Egyptians…...
Social Media Has Had on Society
Social Media has had a particularly influential power over society during recent years as more and more individuals start to guide themselves in accordance with principles put across by such devices. However, it is difficult to determine whether social media has had a positive influence or a negative influence on the social order, taking into account that many are unable to filter information they are bombarded with and end up having a distorted understanding of the world as a whole.
Internet has revolutionized the way information is being sent across the world and this means that it would be impossible for particular events happening in the past to happen in the contemporary society. By simply looking at how the radio and the television have brought significant change to particular environments, one is more likely to understand the degree to which internet can bring change to…...
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Works cited:
Blossom, John, "Content Nation: Surviving and Thriving as Social Media Changes Our Work, Our Lives, and Our Future," (John Wiley & Sons, 14.09.2011)
Duhe, Sandra C., "New Media and Public Relations," (Peter Lang, 2007)
Nunns, Ales and Idle, Nadia, "Tweets from Tahrir: Egypt's Revolution as it Unfolded, in the Words of the People who Made it," (OR Books, 2011)
cudenver.edu/stc-link/aswan1/).In some cases it has happened that the entire reservoir becomes filled with silt and the investment in the dam is lost (the Aswan Dams (http://carbon.cudenver.edu/stc-link/aswan1/)."
Special Edition
World news from the Washington Post's Foreign Service.
Full section
The Aswan High Dam, completed in 1970.
Alexandra Garcia - washingtonpost.com
Conclusion
The Aswan High Dam is one of the largest dams in the world and it provides a multitude of benefits to those who live in the surrounding area.
The electricity it generates is clean, and does not contribute to air or environment pollution. It maintains the river to control flooding which allows the environment to grow and prosper without fear of destruction.
The problems it created while being constructed included the destruction of artifacts that were thousands of years old. In addition it flooded a nation and the entire population had to be moved with their lifestyles and history destroyed.
When the pros and cons are weighed against each other…...
International Crisis on Businesses.
In this paper, I will assume the task of a consultant at McKinsey and Co. It is my duty to analyze the effects on international and local businesses of the problems which are erupted in Middle Eastern/Northern African countries particularly Egypt, Tunisia and others. This paper will be produced for the clients of McKinsey and Co in order to assist them in their respective strategies for the region. The main four topics which would be addressed in this paper are as follows, the local impact on business, the global impact on businesses and industries, the impact on shareholder value and wealth of the most affected companies and finally the short, medium and long-term political influences which might affect businesses.
Local Impact on Businesses
During the times of severe political or social unrest which is now seen in countries like Egypt, Tunisia, Syria and others, the overall environment of…...
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References
Stiles, Kendall. (2002). Civil Society by Design. Connecticut: Praeger.
Hironaka, Ann. (2005). Never-ending Wars. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Madison, G. (1998). Political Economy of Civil Society and Human Rights. London: Routledge.
Cardenas, Gilberto. (2004). La Causa. Houston: Arte Publico.
Currency fluctuations tend to create instability and disrupt the planning activities of tourists. In times of an economic recession, there is normally a lot of fluctuation in the currencies. In the previous year, many currencies appreciated in value while some depreciated. The appreciation of Great ritain Pound and U.S. Dollar against currencies of other countries, such as third world countries, while the depreciation of the Pakistani Rupee, Indian Rupee and the Sri Lankan Rupee against the U.S. Dollar (REPORTER, Staff, 2012) made it less likely for the travelers located in such places to plan to visit countries, as expenditure on goods and services will be incurred in the appreciated currency of the destination country and will have to be supported by the depreciated home currency. This increased expenditure, especially in the times of an economic recession, is considered to be a luxury that needs to be overlooked, at least…...
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Bibliography
ALI, Shazad. 2010. The Rise of Terrorism: Examining Terrorism in the Middle East from a Pakistani Perspective. Duke Journal of Public Affairs. 5(2), pp.6-21.
Bangkok's new airport opens to first commercial flights. 2006. [online]. Available from World Wide Web:
BRANCATELLI, Joe. 2013. Where have all the business travelers gone? [online]. Available from World Wide Web:
CNBC. 2011. Egypt's tourism which adds 11% to GDP plunges amidst chaos. [online]. Available from World Wide Web:
Fox News
Please revise/edit the submitted research paper rough draft and add 4 additional pages of content.
The paper organization is as follows:
FULL literature review and an extended discussion of the actual findings, briefly compared to those previously predicted and indicated in rough draft.
In a stunningly short period of time, Fox News went from being the potentially disastrous offshoot of merica's "fourth network" to literally the most watched news network in the country (Nielsen, 2012; Sterling, 2004, p. 654). The network bills itself as "Fair and balanced," but there are times when this tagline seems less than an actual description of the network and more of a cruel joke. Regardless of one's political leanings, even a cursory glance at Fox News' products, whether on television or the Internet, suggests that contrary to its tagline, the network is anything but balanced. Instead, Fox News demonstrates a conservative bias, and because this bias…...
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A separate study comparing the reporting bias of CNN and The Fox News focused on the characterization and information reported about the Muslim Brotherhood, the leading political opposition group, during the Egyptian revolution and directly following Mubarak's resignation in January 2011 in Tahir Square (Glover, 2011). The research employed a content analysis of the television broadcast transcripts in order to understand the scope of the coverage and the discrepancies in reporting during the Egyptian crisis. (Glover, 2011) The analysis illuminated bias in both news channels, however, a higher frequency of exaggerated extremism was seen in reporting by the Fox News channel (Glover, 2011).
Research that analyzes the media coverage of the 2008 presidential primaries and election produced similar results, finding that Fox News appeared more willing "to cite outside polls [concerning a politician's approval rating] if they were damaging" to Democrats (Groeling, 2008, p. 655). This study was admittedly limited, as it only focused on each network's "flagship" show (which in the case of Fox News was determined to be Special Report), but it nevertheless bolsters the evidence of Fox News conservative bias, especially when taken in the context of other studies. Furthermore, this kind of content analysis is helpful when determining bias in the future, because it helps to demonstrate how bias can be revealed in more than just words; whereas the Iraq War study did find bias revealed through word choice, this later study found it the use of particular polls, demonstrating how media bias can course through nearly every facet of an organization without necessarily appearing blatant or intentional.
The studies mentioned above all looked to particular topics or issues in order to determine bias by looking for key words; thus, the Iraq War study examined words and phrases concerning the war, while the study of the presidential race examined the use of polls and how things were framed. Because this study is examining the network's bias in general, rather than its treatment of any given topic, it is necessary to examine its coverage of a number of different issues. Only then will one be able to convincingly argue that Fox News is indeed conservative, rather than strictly pro-war or pro-Republican. This is necessary because what makes media bias such as that demonstrated by Fox News so detrimental to society is the way that it allows news organizations to function as their
Western intervention helped to create Israel, but also destabilized the entire region by installing and supporting brutal dictators. The chickens have come home to roost with the rise of anti-Western terrorists. Now, it would seem, the chickens are dying. Gaddafi is a symbol of the years during which American interventionism in the Middle East reached a peak.
Zakaria focuses on Egypt but the article pertains equally as well to Libya. Fears of Muslim extremism are, as Zakaria notes, overblown. The author states, "Asking women to wear veils is different from making men wear suicide belts. If the U.S. is opposed to every expression of religiosity, it will find itself unable to understand or work with a new, more democratic Middle East," (p. 4).
This article also shows that Americans especially have deep-rooted misperceptions about the Middle East and its cultural geography. Americans are guilty of the following fallacies. First, Americans are unaware…...
One of the greatest impediments to e-commerce growth continues to be the lack of consistent security across computing platforms, Web browsers and programming languages. This is a continual threat to the loss of transaction and credit card data as well. The need for a consistent and comprehensive framework would do much to alleviate the confusion on these areas (Kesh, amanujan, Nerur, 2002).
Intellectual Property
The Internet has created an entirely different aspect of property validation and rights. The ownership of intellectual property (IP) online, from content and online systems to integration technologies is also an enabler of overall e-commerce. The role of IP is also serving to more clearly delineate how selling and services systems online manage part of the sales process and selling cycle. IP will continue to be an emerging area of law and will eventually become a catalyst of how companies build and support their e-commerce systems over the…...
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References
Someswar Kesh, Sam Ramanujan, & Sridhar Nerur. (2002). A framework for analyzing e-commerce security. Information Management & Computer Security, 10(4), 149-158.
Christopher J. Schafer. (2001). Federal legislation regarding taxation of Internet sales transactions. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 16(1), 415-433.
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