(Sims & Haggerty, Description section, 2006, ¶ 2).
A Palpable Goiter's Presence

The journal article, "Hyperthyroidism" (N.d.), explains that a goiter denotes the enlargement of the thyroid gland. The majority of individuals with a goiter will not likely realize it, until the goiter grows to a visible or palpable size, as a goiter may develop to enormous size prior to producing symptoms of compression. Frequently, a low iodine supply in the diet contributes to the development of a goiter. In areas of the world where dietary iodine is low, doctors note a larger number of patients with goiters. The thyroid gland implements this defense mechanism to maintain balance with the body's need for thyroid hormones

As a goiter may be associated with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, to rule out the abnormal functioning of the thyroid, the doctor orders blood tests. After these tests, the doctor will determines if the need for imaging studies…...

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REFERENCES

Bauer, D.G. (2005). Review of the endocrine system. MedSurg Nursing. Jannetti Publications,

Inc. Retrieved June 22, 2009 from HighBeam Research:

 http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-137919739.html 

Endocrine system. (2008). The Columbia Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition. Retrieved June 23, 2009

Endocrine / Nervous System
Based on Tanya's symptoms, and especially her out of shape condition, she is presumably showing signs of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, or insulin-resistant diabetes. Tanya is unlikely to have Type 1, an autoimmune condition in which the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are killed off, as this manifests itself predominantly in children. While Type 1 can appear in an adult, Type 2 is very frequently caused by poor dietary and exercise habits like Tanya exhibits.

Tanya's blood has a high level of sugar (hyerglycemia) but her cells are starved of sugar. This is due to the mechanics of Type 2 Diabetes, in which the body produces the hormone insulin -- which is responsible for the regulation of delivering glucose as fuel for cells (such as muscle or fat cells, which cannot absorb glucose without the action of insulin) -- but the cells themselves become resistant to the presence…...

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References

Ahmed, AM. (2002). History of diabetes mellitus. Saudi Medical Journal 24:4 (April). 373-8.

Interlandi, J. (2013). Breaking the brain barrier. Scientific American 308:6 (June). 52-7.

Hormone (or endocrine) disruptors interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine system. They can: mimic a natural hormone and thus fool the body into responding a certain way, interfere with the reception of hormones by hormone receptors, directly alter a hormone and impede its function, cause the body to overproduce or under produce natural hormones, or decrease or increase the number of hormone receptors. These effects are especially potent during prenatal development, when even minute exposure to hormones can severely disrupt the normal development process. Potential hormone disruption effects include abnormalities of the reproductive system, birth defects, behavioral changes, depressed immune systems, and lowered intelligence. (Pettit, 2000, p. 413)
eferences

Patrick, G.T. (1929). What Is the Mind?. New York: The Macmillan Company.

Pettit, H.E. (2000). Shifting the Experiment to the Lab: Does EPA Have a Mandatory Duty to equire Chemical Testing for Endocrine Disruption Effects under the Toxic…...

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References

Patrick, G.T. (1929). What Is the Mind?. New York: The Macmillan Company.

Pettit, H.E. (2000). Shifting the Experiment to the Lab: Does EPA Have a Mandatory Duty to Require Chemical Testing for Endocrine Disruption Effects under the Toxic Substances Control Act? Environmental Law, 30(2), 413.

DIABETES AND THE ENDOCINE SYSTEMDiabetes and the Endocrine SystemThe endocrine system, in basic terms, comprises of the various glands making or producing hormones. The relevance of the said hormones cannot be overstated when it comes to the regulation of various body processes including, but not limited to, growth, breathing, appetite, etc. Apart from diabetes, some of the other disorders associated with the endocrine system are inclusive of; Hashimotos thyroiditis, Graves disease, Cushings syndrome, and Addisons disease.Diabetes has been identified as a leading cause of death in the country, as well as in other parts of the world. As a matter of fact, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2021), data available for the years 2015-2018 indicates that 11.3% of U.S. adults (of age 20 and above) had been diagnosed with diabetes. At present, as the CDC (2021) further points out, the disease happens to be…...

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ReferencesAmerican Diabetic Association (2020). Diabetes Symptoms.   A., Al-Afifi, M. & Khan, M.Z (2014). Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes., 7, 587-591. Alcantara-Aragon, V. (2019). Improving patient self-care using diabetes technologies. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10, 73-91. Cheng, Y.J., Kanaya, A.M., Roario, M. & Araneta, M.P. (2019). Prevalence of Diabetes by Race and Ethnicity in the United States, 2011-2016. JAMA, 322(24), 2389-2398.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC (2021). Diabetes.  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/diabetes.htm DiMeglio, L., Evans-Molina, C. & Oram, R.A. (2018). Type 1 diabetes. Lancet, 391(10138), 2449-2462. Marshall, S.M. (2020). The pancreas in health and in diabetes. Diabetologia, 63, 1962-1965. Nasri, H. & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2014). Metformin: Current knowledge. J Res Med Sci., 19(7), 658-664. Philip, R. & Lynn, K. (2018). Rehabilitation Counseling Considerations for People With Lifestyle-Related Disabilities Such as Diabetes Mellitus, Heart Disease, and Asthma: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature. Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education, 33(1), 216-224. Rebolledo, J.A. & Arellano, R. (2016). Cultural Differences and Considerations When Initiating Insulin. Diabetes Spectrum, 29(3), 185-190. Wu, Y., Ding, Y., Tanaka, Y. & Zhang, W. (2014). Risk Factors Contributing to Type 2 Diabetes and Recent Advances in the Treatment and Prevention. Int J Med Sci., 11(11), 77-83. https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/type-2/symptoms Al-Goblan,

e. hypertrophy). In the elderly, this process is reverse. Hence, the functional reserve capacities of the skeletal muscles decline with age, largely due to diminished levels of physical activity. As a result daily tasks once taken for granted become progressively more difficult, and eventually impossible, to perform. In illustration, a great deal of muscle force is required to simply stand up or to climb stairs. Therefore, skeletal system is relying upon the reserve capacity of the heart to provide the endurance needed to perform such activities. If an elderly person does not engage in some sort of endurance-based activities, he or she will not have the cardiac reserve capacity needed for daily tasks. More importantly, diminished capacity may not counteract illnesses or diseases. Although strength-based activities help the cardiac reserve, it may not benefit the skeletal system. "While resistance exercise promotes fiber hypertrophy in skeletal muscles, the explosive power of…...

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References

Bailey, R. (2011). Muscle tissue. About.com Guide. Retrieved from  http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa022808a.htm 

Carpi, A. (1999). Basic anatomy - tissues & organs. Retrieved from http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/14-anatomy.htm

Lakatta, E.G. (1994). Cardiovascular reserve capacity in healthy older humans. Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, 6(4): 213-23.

Courtesy of Musculartory System BlogSpot

ole of Autoimmunity in Three Endocrine Disorders
A number of endocrine illnesses are immune mediated and can now be reliably predicted. Autoimmune disorders can occur in a person and people related to them. Families with history of autoimmunity, and has had antibody screening done, becomes aware of those that carry such risk. Knowing the prevalence of such disorders and the diseases associated with them can help in early diagnosis and prevent them from becoming more serious. Autoimmunity affects several glands in the body. Studies reveal that alleles are very important in the determination of tissue-specific targeting (Aaron W. Michels & George S. Eisenbarth, 2010).

The Process of Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity is necessary for the body to maintain its health by countering effects of external virulent and organic attacks. It involves regulatory networks that provide the body with immunity against infection. It has not yet been determined why instances arise where autoimmunity processes sometimes…...

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References

Aaron W. Michels, & George S. Eisenbarth. (2010). Immunologic Endocrine Disorders. Journal of Allergy, Clinical Immunology, 225-237.

Aleksandra Krzewska, & Iwona Ben-Skowronek. (2016). Effect of Associated Autoimmune Diseases on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Incidence and Metabolic Control in Children and Adolescents. Biomed Research International.

Heves Kirmizibekmez, Rahime Gul Yesiltepe Mutlu, Nafiye Demirkiran Urganci, & Ayse Oner. (2015). Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 2: A Rare Condition in Childhood. Kirmizibekmez H, Yesiltepe Mutlu RG, Demirkiran Urganci N, Oner A. Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 2: A Rare Condition in Childhood. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 2015;7(1):80-82. doi:10.4274/jcrpe.1394., 80-82.

Kohei KAKU. (2010). Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and its Treatment Policy. Japan Medical Association Journal, 41-46.

Essay Topic Examples 1. The Evolution of Human Reproductive Systems and its Impact on Society
Explore the biological evolution of human reproductive systems from ancient ancestors to modern humans. Discuss how changes in reproductive anatomy and physiology have influenced societal structures, family planning, and gender roles over time. Analyze the implications of these evolutionary changes on current debates around reproductive health and rights.

2. Comparative Anatomy of Mammalian Reproductive Systems
Compare and contrast the reproductive systems of various mammalian species, including humans. Highlight the similarities and differences in reproductive strategies, such as r-strategy and K-strategy reproducers. Examine how different reproductive systems have adapted to environmental pressures and the role these adaptations play in species survival.

3. Technological Advances in Reproductive Health and their Ethical Implications
Investigate the advancements in reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), surrogacy, and gene editing (e.g., CRISR-Cas9). Discuss the ethical dilemmas that arise from these technologies, including but not limited…...

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Primary Sources

World Health Organization. \"Reproductive Health.\" WHO, World Health Organization, www.who.int/topics/reproductive_health/en/. Accessed 10 April 2023.

Marieb, Elaine N., and Katja Hoehn. Human Anatomy & Physiology. 11th ed., Pearson, 2018.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \"Reproductive Health.\" CDC, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/index.htm. Accessed 10 April 2023.

Fertility and Sterility journal. Elsevier Inc., www.fertstert.org/. Accessed 10 April 2023.

Guttmacher Institute. \"Sexual and Reproductive Health.\" Guttmacher Institute, www.guttmacher.org/united-states/sexual-and-reproductive-health. Accessed 10 April 2023.

This system results in stable blood concentrations of the hormones that are regulated by the pituitary gland (Reiser and Kemp, p.1).
This complex system of self-regulation means that there are multiple opportunities for the glands to stop working properly.

The hypothalamus, which is located in the brain, is, in many ways, the control center of the endocrine system. The hypothalamus secretes hormones that, in turn, either suppress or stimulate hormone release by the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland then uses the messages it receives from the hypothalamus to govern its secretion of stimulating hormones to other glands in the endocrine system. The pituitary gland sends messages to other glands in the endocrine system, as well as producing important hormones that regulate bodily functions without requiring the intervention of other glands. The hormones produced by the pituitary gland include: growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone…...

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Works Cited

Brown, Harriet. "For Some, Psychiatric Trouble May Start in the Thyroid." The New York

Times. N.p. 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 10 Dec. 2012.

Rieser, Marianne and Stephen Kemp. "Anatomy of the Endocrine System." Emedicine Health.

1-11. 7 Dec. 2011. Web. 9 Dec. 2012.

Endocrine Disease/Disorder: MenopauseMenopause is a natural biological process that is regulated by the endocrine system which occurs at the end of a woman\\\'s reproductive years. The concomitant decline in estrogen and progesterone production that occurs during menopause can result in a range of physical and emotional symptoms, while other hormones also play a role. Although menopause is a natural part of the aging process, it can have a profound impact on womens health and quality of life. Moreover, because all women experience menopause, developing a better understanding concerning the relationship between the endocrine system and menopause is crucial for managing symptoms and supporting women\\\'s health during this transitional period in their lives. To this end, the purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature concerning the relationship between the endocrine system and menopause, including an overview of the physiological changes that occur during menopause, the role…...

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ReferencesCrandall, C. J., Mehta, J. M., & Manson, J. E. (2023). Management of Menopausal Symptoms: A Review. JAMA, 329(5), 405–420.Dawn, D. (2022). A Qualitative Study Exploring Post-menopausal Women’s Perceptions and Experiences of Menopause. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 13(2), 253–257.Goodman, N. F. et al. (2011). American association of clinical endocrinologists’ medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of menopause. Endocrine Practice, 17, 1-25Levine, L., & Hall, J. E. (2023). Does the environment affect menopause? A review of the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on menopause. Climacteric, 1–10.Menopause Overview. (2023). Mayo Clinics. Retrieved from   diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397.Menopausal transition. (2023). National Institute on Aging. Retrieved from https://www. nia.nih.gov/health/what-menopause#:~:text=The%20menopausal% 20transition% 20most%20often,begins%2C%20and%20race%20and%20ethnicity.https://www.mayoclinic.org/ 

Psychology
The nervous system is a part of an animal's body which is responsible for the coordination of voluntary and involuntary actions as well as the transmission of signals between different parts of the body. It is responsible for sending, receiving and the processing of nerve impulses all over the body. All the organs and muscles within the body rely upon the nerve impulses in order for them to function. The nervous system receives information from sense organs regarding the environment by means such as hearing, sight, smell, pressure, taste and pain. The nervous system consists of tow main parts; the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system comprises of the brain and the spinal cord. It is surrounded by the bone-skull and the vertebrae. The peripheral nervous system comprises of numerous neurons which are its functional units. The central nervous system is responsible for…...

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References

Farr, G. (2002). The Nervous System - Advanced Version / What is the Nervous System?. Become healthy now. Retrieved 6, September 2014 from http://www.becomehealthynow.com/article/bodynervousadvanced/826

Powell, K. (2014). Nature vs. Nurture . about parenting. Retrieved 6, September 2014 from  http://genealogy.about.com/cs/geneticgenealogy/a/nature_nurture.htm

living things are characterized by the following seven characteristics namely mobility, respiration, excretion, sensitivity or response to external stimulus, growth, feeding, and reproduction. Though there may be variations between animal and plant kingdom (ex, plants take in carbon dioxide and prepare their own food), these characteristics are commonly observed among all living things.
iology is a very broad field that encompasses the study of characteristics of living things. It includes botany, zoology and all other sub-disciplines that range from microbiology to evolution and ecology.

Evolution is the branch of biology that deals with the study of natural development of living organisms and the changes in them over time. Evolution refers to the heritable changes that occur in a population over a period of time. All the diversity that is observed currently in plant and animal kingdom can be ascribed to evolution over a long period of time.

Atoms are the smallest, fundamental…...

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Bibliography

1) Mark Rothery, "Cells," Accessed on Sep 20th 2005, Available from http://www.mrothery.co.uk/cells/cellnotes.htm

S. Congress that the prospects of stem cell research were so vast that it could touch all the realm of medicine (Connor 2000). An unlimited source of embryonic stem cells will solve the problem of shortage of transplants. Embryonic stem cells will save lives by curing generative diseases of the brain, hepatitis, diabetes, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis and diseases of the heart and kidneys. ut current laws restrict the use of stems cells on embryos less than 14 days old and for correcting fertility, reproduction or congenital disorders. The restriction is grounded in the belief that the embryo is a potential human being from the moment of conception. It thus possesses a soul and a dignity just like any other viable person (Connor). Previous scientific research presented evidence that genetically engineering cells could partly repair a defective immune system (Travis 2002). Two new studies bolstered this…...

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Bibliography

Bauer, D.G. (2005). Review of the endocrine system. MedSurg Nursing: Jannetti Publications, Inc.

Connor, S. (2000). Science: the miracle cure with a catch. The London Independent: Newspaper Publishing PLC

Degen. D (2008). Body organization and homeostasis. 1 page. Bones, Muscles and Skin. Pearson Education, Inc.: Pearson Prentice Hall

Farabee, M.J. (2006). Animal organ systems and homeostasis. 18 web pages. Estrella Mountain Community College. Retrieved on February 1, 2006 at http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookMUSSKEL.html

Therefore, this explains why stress would have such an effect on the immune functions of the body, at least from the perspective of someone who is doing an evolutionary investigation into the issue of the reasons why we see these phenomena occur.
Thus, psychoneuroimmunology is one of the most important and fastest growing areas of medicine to bridge the gap between neurological theory and medicinal practice. The literature is quickly evolving and changing. Indeed, there is an increasing hope that this field may be the one to deliver on the promise of the discovery of "the scientific foundations for a new type of treatment whose essence is to combat disease by strengthening the body's own defenses against stress" ("Association for the Advancement of Applied Psychoneuroimmunology"):

What is of importance is not whether we have our emotional ups and downs, but rather that lingering unresolved emotions and inflexible ways of coping, can…...

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Bibliography

Association for the Advancement of Applied Psychoneuroimmunology." Retrieved November 26, 2003 at  http://hometown.aol.com/AAAPNI/ .

De Kooker, Margo. "Psychoneuroimmunology: An Overview." Retrieved November 26, 2003 at http://www.wellness.org.za/html/pni.html.

PNI Adaptiveness." Retrieved November 26, 2003, at / psychology/staff/elander/health/PNIAdaptiveness.html.http://www.lgu.ac.uk

Psychoneuroimmunology." Retrieved November 26, 2003, at http://www.datacomm.ch/kmatter/psychone.htm#_Toc442256827.

Health Letter to Friend
Hormone problems. Who can't relate to those these days? People talk a lot about symptoms like high blood pressure, emotional ups and down, obesity, all of which might well be related to serious medical concerns that come with our age, or that might be caused by stress or junk food!

Which means you are right to have questions and a bit of anxiety. Some hormone conditions (minor or severe) need attention because they tell us how well the endocrine system is in balance -- and it's the endocrine system that influences how the body works and how different parts of our system function together. So the balance is important.

But hormone imbalances can vary a lot, and it takes information to figure out what's wrong. Diabetes (or being overweight), reproduction problems, infertility, thyroid conditions, high blood pressure, poor cholesterol levels and even lipids (not putting on weight properly) are…...

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REFERENCES:

Kemp, S., Chausmer, A.B., and Talavera, F., (2011) emedicineHealth, Anatomy of the Endocrine System. Retrieved on October 15, 2011 from  http://www.emedicinehealth.com/anatomy_of_the_endocrine_system/article_em.htm .

The circulatory or cardiovascular system is responsible for moving nutrients, wastes and gases between body cells, transporting blood across the whole body and battling disease (Circulatory System). Its principal elements are the heart, numerous blood vessels, and blood.
The heart forms the circulatory system's core. This 2-sided, 4-chambered pump which distributes blood to various arteries comprises of the right and left ventricles, and right and left atria. The ventricles, situated within the heart's lower half, are responsible for pumping blood to the whole body (away from our heart), whilst the atria, situated within the heart's upper half are in charge of receiving blood from different parts of the human body. The right and left ventricles pump de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood, respectively; de-oxygenated blood is pumped to lungs while oxygenated blood is pumped to the remainder of the human body (smith, 2013). These 4 chambers are connected to one another by means…...