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For example, juries must be informed of mitigating circumstances such as the offender's mental health status, before they can recommend the death penalty. Other mitigating circumstances might be crimes of passion in cases where the offender killed after years of abuse or torture. While these circumstances do not excuse the crime, they may reduce the severity of the final punishment. The same is true of aggravating circumstances. Another writer notes that this places the jury in a moral dilemma. He writes, "It is, instead, a matter of moral judgment that has to proceed in the absence of any determinate legal standards, other than the instruction to the jurors to weigh aggravating circumstances against mitigating ones and come to their own conclusion" (Garland, 2007). They must weigh if the aggravating circumstances, such as the weapon used, or a murder in conjunction with another crime, and they must decide if the aggravating circumstances outweigh the mitigating circumstances or vice versa. Much of this determination really depends on the crime, the offender, and the prosecution's use of the different circumstances.
Discuss the impact of the application and execution of professionalism in correctional institutions across the United States.
Professionalism is key in correctional institutions across the United States in order to keep the public perception of the correctional process positive, and to provide a positive environment for as many of the inmates as possible. In prison scandals like the Abu Ghraib scandal in Iraq,...
By instilling professionalism in correctional institutions, these situations can be avoided, and gradually a more positive outlook begins to develop from the outside in. The application and execution of a professionalism campaign also trickles down to the inmates, who often adopt a professionalism plan of their own that integrates with the administration plan. Lack of professionalism can lead to inmate unrest, too, as in the case of a Wyoming State Prison (WSP). Two authors note, "Before a follow-up study was conducted, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed a lawsuit on behalf of an inmate, who had alleged that 'the policies, practices, and customs of the [WSP and WDOC] officials placed inmates at the risk of unprovoked assault, bodily injury and death at the hands of other inmates'" (Hubbell & Abbott, 2006). After implementing a professionalism plan, which included training, input, and reorganization, the problems stopped and the entire prison population was much more satisfied, including the inmates and their guards.
References
Beatty, D., & Gregorie, T. (2003, August). Implementing victims' rights: Why corrections professionals should care. Corrections Today, 65, 78+.
Carrabine, E., Iganski, P., Lee, M., Plummer, K., & South, N. (2004). Criminology: A sociological introduction. New York: Routledge.
Garland, D. (2007). The peculiar forms of American capital punishment. Social Research, 74(2), 435+.
Hubbell, L., & Abbott, S. (2006). Cultural change in a maximum-security prison: The Wyoming State Penitentiary has improved its work environment through a project funded by the National Institute of Corrections and led by the warden and a professor. The Public Manager, 35(2), 29+.
" (1995) The authors state: "The amphetamines occasioned dose-related increases in d- amphetamine-appropriate responding, whereas hydromorphone did not. Amphetamines also occasioned dose-related increases in reports of the drug being most like "speed," whereas hydromorphone did not. However, both amphetamines and hydromorphone occasioned dose-related increases in reports of drug liking and in three scales of the ARCI. Thus, some self-report measures were well correlated with responding on the drug-appropriate lever and some
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Industries that face stiff competition may favor and encourage an aggressive approach from employees that produces rapid results, rather than thoughtful, strategic action. When the gains cannot be realized in the desired time frame, there is a temptation to implement short cuts; resulting in fraud." (Price; Norris, 2009) That however is not a justification, although it prompts some regulations on the way industries operate. The Law Catches Up Today the criminal
Forgiveness on human health. In its simplest form, the purpose of the study is to evaluate human psychological stress that might constitute a risk factor for heart disease. Further, the study will also evaluate the impact of forgiveness on heart disease. However, such a simple dissertation clearly demands further definition. What, exactly, do we signify when we speak of heart disease? What is properly considered as forgiveness? What impact does
Falls THE ISSUE OF ACCIDENTAL FALLS At some point, anyone who had learned how to walk has had the experience of falling down -- it is a universal experience for infants as they gain ambulatory ability. In hospitals, however, the accidental fall is the most reported type of patient safety incident, with elderly patient populations displaying a particular vulnerability (Oliver 2007, p.173). Approximately one-third of adults over the age of sixty-five will