Umberto Giordano's Andrea Chenier: history and Geneva performance analysis

Andrea Chenier

An Analysis of Umberto Giordano's Andrea Chenier in Geneva, 2011

Umberto Giordano's verismo opera Andrea Chenier was first performed a century after the French poet's death during the Reign of Terror. An exercise in Italian realism, Giordano's Andrea was a combination of Luigi Illica's "dramatically intense libretto" and the "exaggerated emphasis on effect at all costs" that characterized verismo in the last quarter of the 19th century in Italy (Grout, 2003, p. 495). Giordano's oeuvre contains several other operas, but only Andrea is still performed around the world with any regularity. This paper will give a history of the opera as well as analyze the 2011 performance in Geneva under the direction of John Fiore and John Dew, in collaboration with the Deutsche Oper Berlin and le Choeur du Grand Theatre et l'Orchestre de la Suisse Romande.

Historical Background and Cultural Context

Born in Constantinople "of a French father and a Greek mother," the historic figure of Andrea Chenier is one of, as J. Badaire (1926) states, "pure Hellenic genius." This may be true, but it is not for such genius that Andrea Chenier was put to death on the scaffold just prior to the fall of Robespierre. Chenier had been part of the moderate group of revolutionaries in Paris prior to the Terror -- but becoming disillusioned with what he saw as an increase of tyranny, the poet left Paris. However, drawn like so many others to the historic moment in time, Chenier returned and was arrested by mistake and (ironically) charged with "writing against freedom in favor of tyranny" -- an absurd accusation that needed, of course, no facts for the impatient jurors at the height of their frenzy in 1794 (Hamlet-Metz, 2006). The poet was executed along with more than three dozen others from the prison where he had languished for months prior to his trial -- but not before penning the following verses, "so similar in their essence to those Illica would write in his libretto ("Come un bel di maggio"):

As the sun's last flashing ray,

As the last cool breeze from the shore,

Cheer the close of a dying day,

Thus I strike my lyre once more.

As now by the scaffold I wait,

Each moment of time seems the last,

For the clock, like a finger of fate,

Points onward and onward fast. (Hamlet-Metz)

"Discovered" as it were some two decades later following the publishing of a complete edition of his poetry, Chenier would finally be memorialized in Giordano's opera just in time to celebrate the centennial of his execution.

Giordano's opera, however, would play fast and loose with the facts and story of the poet's life and time spent in Paris. Dramatizing the life of Andrea indeed proved an exercise in artistic license if not in outright fabrication: the poet in Giordano's work becomes a man torn by both politics and love -- and, of course, Romantically falling victim to both. What was in reality a case of mistaken identity becomes in opera a case of Romantic martyrdom -- an ironic notion considering that Giordano's opera is an attempt at Italian realism. Verismo, of course, had more to do with style than with historical facts.

Verismo and Rome

The Italian theater, of course, has a long tradition dating all the way back to the 4th century BC -- according to Livy, who reports that the Etruscans were staging dramas for Romans' entertainment at the time (Beacham 2). Roman drama, however, really came into its own with the comedic works of Plautus (3rd century) and Terence (2nd century) and the dramatic works of Seneca (1st century) who Romanized several Greek myths. In cities like Milan, whose Latin name meant "middle place," the Roman theater provided endless entertainments for the people. But as the Roman Republic became an Empire and the Empire in turn crumbled, Milan itself passed through several stages of history -- just as music coming out of Rome did. Still, in one sense, Giordano fits more in line with Seneca -- substituting sentimentality and idealism for blood, the two dramatists nonetheless display great awareness of human passions and work to stir them up.

In this sense, the Italian theater at the end of the 19th century was giving the Italian audience exactly what it wanted -- which was Romanticism in the verismo style: action backed up and supported by music -- both reinforcing the other.

The history of music in the Roman world continued once the Empire became Christian under Constantine and by the 8th century Ambrosian chant was, for example, popular in Milan. Milan, some millennium later, would then host one of the world's first great opera houses -- La Scala, following the Baroque period and bringing opera to the people. In such a line of history do we find Giordano.

Analyzing the Production: Venue and Creativity

Antoine Leboyer (2011) marvels in his review of the Geneva performance at the difference that subtitles makes in Giordano's opera. This may seem like an incidental observation -- but it is not. As Leboyer makes clear, "Giordano's music is often there to accompany the action and strongly so but one can only appreciate it if one can follow it very tightly" -- meaning that in true verismo style, the Italian opera matches music with stage emotion, forcing the music to reinforce the meaning of the drama onstage. Whether one knows the libretto or not does not alter the fact that the music is the meaning. Yet Leboyer makes the case that being able to follow along with the words does in fact bring the opera that much more to life.

When these thoughts are taken into consideration along with the production values and the overall creativity that directors Fiore and Dew bring to the Geneva performance, Giordano's Andrea proves to be a most enjoyable affair. As Leboyer affirms, the "conducting was easy and fluid and John Dew staged a lively first part full of ideas with great costumes (an integral part of the staging), lightning, and clear action without sacrificing ideas."

I would confirm Leboyer's assessment -- my only reservation would have to be with the use of the momentarily-elevated-at-an-angle stage floor, which to me seemed an unnecessary liberty in an otherwise "fluid" piece.

Immediate Impact: How It Looks and Sounds

This production of Andrea Chenier is at once both able to match the intensity of the subject and able to equate Romanticism with realism, just as much as Jonathan Miller has succeeded in doing with Puccini (a contemporary of Giordano) and La Boheme. What makes Andrea even more immediate than Puccini's most famous opera is its use of historical songs, costumes, and dances that, even though they root the piece in another time, appear on stage in such a flurry of excitement and passion that one feels at home watching the performance -- as though it were really happening. As Amanda Holden (2001) observes, "Giordano's quest for veristic naturalism led to the inclusion of the Revolutionary songs 'Ca ira,' the "Carmagnole" and the "Marseillaise," and contrasting (but historically equally accurate) 18th-century dances and pastoral music" (p. 302) -- and, for me, that makes all the difference. Such, at least, was my immediate reaction upon viewing the opera.

The four-act opera also benefits from the Grand Theatre's acoustics -- but the most memorable moments of the opera are in the work itself: everything exterior to it takes second place. For example, the characters of Madalena and Andrea represent the ideals of a time and place (revolutionary France) that is all but gone today: the embellished notions that they both extol in the first act are, of course, over-dramatic, but the way the characters move through their lines allows me to keep from growing wearing of the sentiment. Even though the two lovers espouse the "idealistic social and human creed" reflected in the Andrea's song at the end of the act, one may still root for them both, without feeling that he has compromised his dignity in doing so.

Another point that one immediately notices about this opera is the visual impact: the colors literally leap off the stage: purples contrasting with bright yellows, and violent reds lighting up the backdrop at times -- the entire opera is a colorful spectacle for the eye, and it is not at all unpleasant to witness it. These colors, observed in the costumes when the characters gather for the balls and group together for their dances, let the eye feast for a while on the visual delights of the work.

Interpretation for a Contemporary Audience

However, when it comes to interpreting the opera for a contemporary audience, it is difficult to make the themes of revolution and love resonate as they may have done (more powerfully) in late-19th century Italy. At that time, revolution was still very much in vogue, with Garibaldi still very much fresh in the minds of all. Today, revolutions (while seeming to retain their potency) have also had such a go in the 20th century and seen so many different nations reduced to ruins, that it is difficult to take the utopian ideals too seriously. For example, the scene in which Andrea stands before the statue of Marat and sings "Credi al destino" fails to evoke for me any real sensation. Perhaps it is because, as Grout suggests, the opera is "laden with harmonies that are heavy and oldfashioned [and] has little of special interest" (p. 495). Such could explain why the scenes feel at time clunky and abysmally lacking in flair. Still, at other times, they are vibrant and alive with life -- and those times are when the drama calls for gaity (not for fatalism or idealism).

The opera may, therefore, be interpreted as a political piece -- but I do not wish to convey that interpretation, for I think there is already too much Romanticism in contemporary politics today. I think Andrea fits better as a period piece that should be left in the period for which it was written: one that believed in revolution despite the bitterness of its effects. Today's audiences, I suspect, are less willing to undergo the martyrdom of the fictionalized poet for beliefs that history has proven to be somewhat stilted toward the utopian dream. Therefore, I would suggest that Andrea be performed and watched as an opera that offers bouts of spontaneity and bursts of celebration -- and let the fatalism of the piece drift into the background of an otherwise celebratory theme of Romantic vision.

Text Issues: the Importance of Language

Leboyer comments that when it comes to viewing Andrea Chenier, having the subtitles present helps a good deal to follow along in the narrative -- despite the fact that the music is meant to underscore the plot. The text of the libretto actually does more. This essentially promotes the idea that language is actually important to opera. How important is Illica's libretto to Giordano's opera -- and how does the librettist correspond with the musician? There is nothing that would make one think that the match between Giordano and Illica was similar to anything Mozart ever enjoyed with his librettist. For example, "Illica's libretto (which, he claimed in a note in the vocal score, did not draw on historical fact but was based on ideas suggested by the editors of the real-life Chenier's poetic works) had originally been written for Alberto Franchetti. Franchetti ceded it to Giordano, who made us of the French Revolutionary background, spicing the opera with quotations of period tunes" (Holden, p. 302).

Again, the libretto, while it does allow for some stirring and rousing arias, lacks the wit and sophistication of the truly great librettos, such as may be found in Mozart's latter works. For example, the final duet by the two lovers, Andrea and Madalena, feels forced not because of the music but because of the words. Perhaps something gets lost in the translation -- but the ideas that they convey seem overly Romantic. But perhaps that is the point. When Chenier sings, "New joys and peace affords us kind death…Here it comes! The passing of our lives is the dawn of our eternal love! Love be our everlasting bond! And Death immortal love!" (Illica, 1896) one's spirit actually groans to see the meaning of the Italian. However, if one were left, instead, to guess at what the singers were conveying, his or her imagination might afford them better and more beautiful words. These only express hackneyed and sentimental thoughts that might have amused patrons a century ago but today feel simply childish.

Voices and Characters

Amanda Holden's assessment, I would have to say, is correct: "the characters are scarcely developed, but the opera is kept alive with effective solos for the three principals and a surging final duet" (Holden, p. 302). Nonetheless, the leads provide enough to look at to keep one interested in the opera from start to finish. Zoran Todorovich brings an impressive tenor to the role of Andrea Chenier and makes some of the more difficult passages seem effortless. Adina Nitescu complements his tenor with her soprano voice in the role of Madalena -- and the two lovers embrace on stage both physically and lyrically the libretto of Illica as though it truly were stemming from their hearts as they sang.

The voices never grow tired and the sound in the Grand Theatre is more than accommodating. The only problem with the opera, of course, is the lack of character development: there really is very little depth of character in anyone of these cardboard cutouts of Romanticism and revolution. The aria of Madalena, "La mamma morta" -- "My mother died," is a touching moment in the opera and she moves through the aria with great feeling. Likewise, Giordano allows his title character to bring joy and light to the character with the "L'improvviso," which thrills more than it advances any sort of plot or deepens any sort of character.

How these performers compare to the original cast which consisted of Giuseppe Borgatti and Evelina Carrera in the roles of the two lovers is a question that perhaps none can answer -- but it might not be worthless to speculate. Indeed, Borgatti's voice is preserved on record (in some arias by Wagner, Verdi and Puccini). All the same, while a century separates the two performers of the same role -- one cannot help but feel the original cast may have had something more magical and true to it than the one assembled in Geneva.

Chorus and Orchestra

One of the best things of the Andrea is the chorus -- which gets to explode on stage in the form of the mob, giving voice to all the passion that had been building in the streets of revolutionary Paris. "The chorus, representing the 'people' in their many guises, plays a larger than usual part, the violence of some of their music (their part is marked urlando -- 'yelling' -- at one point) making a significant contribution to the verismo nature of the work" (Holden, p. 302). Here is the musical expression of a true mob and I do not see how it could have been better down. The manner in which the voices rise at once and in unison nearly brings down the house: it is thunderous and perfectly matches the fever pitch of the opera.

Likewise, the orchestra was able to bring to life Giordano's notes. Even while the libretto moves awkwardly from "political and artistic idealism to blood-and-guts love triangle," Giordano's music seems to match this strange pacing -- yet what allows it to work is the sheer gusto and charm of the whole thing: for here is where the power of Andrea Chenier really lies -- in the music itself. No matter how badly the directors or the staging or the costumes or the lighting manage to alter the work, it is ultimately the music that must carry it. Indeed, Giordano has created "one of the great tenor roles of all time" and it is the power of his composition that truly brings to life the vignettes of Illica (Mordden, p. 306).

Together, the chorus and the orchestra allow Andrea Chenier to be a success, because essentially both are the like the engine to the opera: the stars of course act as the drivers -- and the directors and staging and lighting all act as parts of the vehicle -- but without the music, Andrea is nothing; and for that Giordano must be thanked.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the performance at Geneva's Grand Theater in 2011 of Giordano's century-old opera (commemorating the previous century's poet/martyr -- fictionalized to a degree, of course) works well to give an entertaining evening of opera. The only aspects of the opera that fail to impress are the modern conventions that attempt to do more than is necessary: for example, just because one can do wonders with a stage today, does not mean that it is always in the best interest of the opera to do so. Rather, let the music, the chorus, the singers, and the orchestra do what they are meant to do -- and try not to interfere too much.

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