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Clark, R. E. (2004). The classical origins of Pavlov's conditioning. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 39(4), 279-294.Classical conditioning is the cornerstone of behaviorism. However, it is often taken for granted how classical conditioning was introduced to the field of psychology. This article starts with a brief section about the precursors of Pavlov’s famous dog salivation response experiments. The precursor to Pavlov was Twitmyer’s knee-jerk reflexes. Like Green (2009), Clark (2004) talks a little of William James and his contributions to the early evolution of psychology. Then, Clark (2004) delves into the meat of the matter: Pavlov’s experiments. Using dogs as subjects, the Russian scientist revolutionized the study of human behavior with his studies showing how classical conditioning works. Clark (2004) traces Pavlov’s work, and also shows how it was received. Then, the author shows how Pavlov’s conditioning experiments became classical conditioning through the work of B.F. Skinner. Essentially, this research uses primary sources to explain the evolution of behaviorism and early psychology from Twitmyer onwards.
Digdon, N., Powell, R. A., & Harris, B. (2014). Little Albert's alleged neurological impairment. History of Psychology, 17(4), 312-324.
In 1920, Watson and Rayner...
The experiment on “Little Albert” has since been maligned for obvious ethical reasons. In fact, Digdon, Powell & Harris (2014) focus more on the reactions to the original experiment and the historiography that blossomed because of it. According to the authors, a study published in 2012 by Friglund, Beck, Goldie & Irons had attested that Little Albert was born with a neurological impairment and claimed that Watson and his colleague were actually aware of this fact. If this were true, then Watson and Rayner would have committed even graver ethical breaches than was previously believed. As methodology, Digdon, Powell & Harris (2014) use the primary sources including the film made by Watson in 1923 entitled Experimental Investigation of Babies, as well as the secondary sources that comment on, criticize, or base new research on the Watson studies. The authors conclude that there are alternative explanations for Little Albert’s story, and that the subsequent analyses should be critiqued in their own right. The implications of this research are to think more critically about the historiography of psychology. Other implications have to do with the ethical dimensions of all psychological research.
Green, C. D. (2009). Darwinian theory, functionalism, and the first…
(2011). Anxiety characteristics of competitive windsurfers: relationships with age, gender, and performance outcomes. Journal of Sport Behavior. Retrieved September 4, 2011 at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6401/is_3_34/ai_n58009371/ This article attempts to understand performance anxiety around what the authors of the article consider to be an 'extreme' sport. Windsurfing is considered a typical extreme sport because of its unconventional nature and the fact that it tends to take place outside of conventional competitive venues like gyms
Experimental Methodologies: Bulimia Nervosa Annotated Bibliography in Abnormal Psychology Bara-Carril, Nuria, Williams, Christopher J., Pombo-Carril, Maria G., Reid, Yael, Murray, Kathryn, Aubin, Susan et al. (2004). A preliminary investigation into the feasibility and efficacy of a CD-ROM-based cognitive-behavioral self-help intervention for bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35(4), 538-548. A quasi-experimental study was carried out to test the efficacy of a CD-ROM-based CBT self-help intervention for bulimia. Subjects with a diagnosis of
Victimology Annotated Bibliography Campbell, K.W. (2010). Victim Confidentiality Promotes Safety and Dignity. Journal of the Missouri Bar, 69(2), pp. 76-83. Being the president of the Missouri Victim Assistance Network (MOVA), Campbell, the author of this particular article, is an authority on the topic at hand. In the past, she has actively been involved in various aspects of victim assistance, including, but not limited to, presenting a workshops touching on the issue of victims
The authors draw a distinction between RAD and the attachment insecurity described by Ainsworth and Bowlby. Children who display the characteristics of RAD have broad problems with social development, rather than a problem with a specific caregiver. Another important distinction is that children with attachment insecurity have had opportunities to form discriminating relationships; children with RAD often have not. The authors call for future research to explore RAD in
First, he states that teachers can learn, from their students, how to best affect their classes. Through talking with their students, teachers can learn in what those students are interested. Teachers can learn what teaching styles best affect them, what can engage them. This can help them better relate to their students as teachers, portraying their subjects in a way that students can understand. In addition, Corbett argues that
Adolescent Depression: Overview and Annotated Bibliography Few periods in one's life are filled with more change or tumult than the stage known as adolescence. Defined by dramatic physical, hormonal, social and intellectual transition, adolescence is distinguished by the maturation of puberty. And perhaps more than at any other point in one's life, this maturation leads to a significant transformative period which finds the individual at a midway point between childhood and