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Children who display the characteristics of RAD have broad problems with social development, rather than a problem with a specific caregiver. Another important distinction is that children with attachment insecurity have had opportunities to form discriminating relationships; children with RAD often have not. The authors call for future research to explore RAD in pre-school and school-age children, with attention to the nature of the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the disorder.
Nelson, C. S, Bos, K., Gunnar, M.R., Sonuga-Barke, E.J.S. (2011). V. The neurobiological toll of early human deprivation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child
Development 76(4), pp. 127-146.
Children raised in institutions often exhibit a variety of emotional and behavioral issues, including problems with attention, executive functioning and attachment. In some cases, their behavior can mimic autism. The extent and the severity of adoptees' disorders are affected, at least in part, by the age(s) at which the child was institutionalized. The authors reviewed the literature with respect to psychological and neurobiological affects of early institutional experiences. The authors believe that genetic make-up and pre-natal care are also important factors affecting the extent of an adopted child's difficulties.
Pignotti, M. (2011). Reactive attachment disorder and international adoption: A systematic synthesis. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice 8(1), pp. 30-49.
Children adopted internationally are more likely to have spent time in an institution, such as an orphanage. The literature provides ample evidence supporting increased incidence of emotional and behavior disorders in children who were institutionalized in infancy and toddlerhood. These children often experienced multiple caregivers and because of this are at greater risk for reactive attachment disorder (RAD), putting them at risk for other emotional and behavioral problems. Pignotti found...
(2007). Risk and protective factors contributing to the longitudinal psychosocial well-being of adopted foster children. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders
15(4), pp. 237-249.
Simmel reports on a longitudinal sample of adopted foster youth, exploring the relationship between early pre-adoption risk factors and subsequent emotional and behavioral issues. A total of 293 adopted foster children were part of the study; the author looked at short- and long-term psychosocial functioning two, four, and eight years after adoption. Risk factors, especially multiple caregivers, trauma (including sexual trauma) and early placement chaos, exacerbated problems related to genetics and pre- and post-natal care. Problems persisted as the adoptees moved from one age group to the next. The information in the study was based on parent reporting, and included confirmation by third parties (e.g., social workers, hospital records).
Wiik, K.L., Loman, M.M., Van Ryzin, M.J., Armstrong, J.M., Essex, M.J., Pollak, S.D.,
and Gunnar, M.R. (2011). Behavioral and emotional symptoms of post-
institutionalized children in middle childhood. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 52(1), pp. 56-63.
Research suggests that children adopted from institutions experience specific learning and emotional difficulties. The study by Wiik et al. compared two groups of eight- to eleven-year-old children, one group comprised of non-adopted children and the other group comprised of children internationally adopted from foster care. The results indicated increased levels of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the group of adoptees, who also had higher reported levels of externalizing symptoms. The researchers concluded that, at least in middle childhood, adoptees differ from non-adopted peers.
and Gunnar, M.R. (2011). Behavioral and emotional symptoms of post-
institutionalized children in middle childhood. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 52(1), pp. 56-63.
Research suggests that children adopted from institutions experience specific learning and emotional difficulties. The study by Wiik et al. compared two groups of eight- to eleven-year-old children, one group comprised of non-adopted children and the other group comprised of children internationally adopted from foster care. The results indicated increased levels of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the group of adoptees, who also had higher reported levels of externalizing symptoms. The researchers concluded that, at least in middle childhood, adoptees differ from non-adopted peers.
Nursing Informatics / Annotated Bibliography & Brief Critique Harris, R., Bennett, J., and Ross. F. (2013). Leadership and innovation in nursing seen through a historical lens. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(7. 1629-1638. Aim of the Article and Main Findings There was a time when technology was a distant vision in the minds of healthcare professionals, but the values that emerged from nurses nearly a hundred years ago are values that should be alive
Good researchers tend to pull methods out of a tool kit as they are needed" (2006, p. 54). Notwithstanding these criticisms and constraints, though, most social researchers seem to agree that classification by some type of research paradigm is a useful approach based on the need to determine which approach is best suited for a given research enterprise. In this regard, Corby concludes that, "The contested nature of research
Taken in isolation, some of the new, minimally-invasive procedures are less expensive by far, when analyzed on a procedure-by-procedure basis, than previous significant surgical interventions, as demonstrated below: Procedure Cost Estimated duration of 'cure' CABG 5-7 years PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention 3-5 years Based on the above analysis, it would appear to be clear that a PCI is more cost-effective than CABG procedures. This may not be true when all costs are considered, however. The logic of
Vertical Farming-Opportunities and Challenges for Singapore There has been much talk surrounding the environmental issues of food production, with many now suggesting the city is the ideal place for growing food to cater for rapidly expanding urban populations. In Singapore, small-scale examples of this are emerging, such as Changi General Hospital and the Tanjong Pagar apartment complex. This dissertation will examine the Vertical Farming movement, and look at the opportunities and
Evidence-Based Proposal on Remote Patient MonitoringIntroduction to Remote Patient MonitoringThe ever-growing field of medical technology provides new opportunities for patient care, including remote patient monitoring (RPM). RPM is the use of technology to collect and transmit patient data from a distance, allowing for real-time sharing of information between patients and providers. While RPM offers many potential benefits, such as increased access to care and improved health outcomes, it also raises
Autonomy-Supportive coaching style is more effective for female than male athletes in team sports. Gender (nominal) Gender is a concept which connects directly to the sense of how receptive or non-receptive humans are likely to be regarding all forms of coaching. Gender is one manifestation of the notion of how prosocial or anti-social human beings are likely to be. Some experts have argued that human beings are naturally inclined to be prosocial